Flashcards in Invasive Clostridia Deck (42)
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1
Invasive clostridia - Description
Gram + *Spore forming, Anaerobic rods - *Fermentative - Catalase & oxidase negative - *Motile (peritricous flagella like Listeria, C. perfringens nonmotile) - CAMP positive with S. agalactiae
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What is the most frequently isolated pathogenic bacterium of Gas gangrene, Endotoxemias & Diarrhea in ruminants?
C. perfringens
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Invasive C. perfringens toxins
Alpha - Beta - Epsilon - Iota - Perfringolysin O - Enterotoxin
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Alpha toxin
Hemolysis, necrosis, lethality *Especially C. perfringens*
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Beta toxin
Pore-forming (inhibited by colostrum trypsin inhibitors)
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Epsilon toxin
Necrotizing & lethal - brain and kidney - activated by trypsin
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Iota toxin
Cellular cytoskeleton & death of affected cell
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Perfringolysin O
Cholesterol-binding, escape from phagolysosome
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Enterotoxin
Fluid & electrolyte abnormalities
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C. perfringens disease patterns - Wound infection
Type A - alpha toxin - anaerobic Cellulitis & gas gangrene - Myonecrosis w/edema, hemorrhage, emphysema fatal toxemia - OFTEN from needle sharing between equines
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C. perfringens disease patterns - Enterotoxiemias Type A
Tissue destruction - Yellow lamb dz - Hemorrhagic/Necrotic enteritis - Canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
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Describe Yellow lamb disease
Gastritis and hemolytic disease caused by C. perfringens
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C. perfringens disease patterns - Enterotoxemias Type B
Old world diseases - Lamb Dysentary - B toxin (trypsin-susceptible) - Rapidly fatal, 100% mortality
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C. perfringens disease patterns - Enterotoxemias Type C
NEONATAL hemorrhagic enteritis (calves, foals, piglets, lambs) - B toxin virulence! - "Stuck" in older sheep (looks like was "struck by lightening")
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C. perfringens disease patterns - Enterotoxemia Type D
Older animals - Epsilon toxin! - Overeating dz - Pulpy kidney dz
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When I say OverEating dz or Pulpy kidney dz, you say...
Enterotoxemia Type D! Invasive C. perfringens!
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Clostridia disease patterns - Enterotoxigenic diarrhea
Enterotoxin CpE --> sporulation - Watery to hemorrhagic diarrhea - VERY common food-related dz in humans
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Clostridium difficile - Pathogenesis
Enterotoxin - Toxin A - Trigger event--> disrupt normal flora & colonize --> adhere to large intestine --> toxin production --> intense inflammatory response --> diarrhea
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Clostridium novyi - Type 1 infections & toxins
Alpha & Delta toxin (Novyilysin) - Gas gangrene - Big head (fight injury in rams, toxic endothelial damage--> edema)
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When I say Big head in rams, you say
C. novyi type 1
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C. novyi Type 2 infections & toxins
Alpha & Beta toxins - Black disease (pericardial edema) - Iron Chocolate Liver
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C. novyi Type 2 pathogenesis
Spores mobilized, intestine--> liver --> dormant in Kupffer cells --> hepatocytes damaged from fluke migration!!!!!!--> spores germinate --> B toxin production & dissemination --> sudden death
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C. novyi Type 2 pathogenesis - Secondary effects/signs
SQ venous congestion secondary to pericardial edema - Gas bubbles in the liver
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When you see gas bubbles in the liver, you think
C. novyi type 2!!
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Black Disease or Iron Chocolate Liver
C. novyi type 2!!
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C. novyi Prevention/Tx?
Prevent flukes!! no fluke, no liver damage, no release of toxin
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Clostridium haemolyticum
Resembles C. novyi type 2 - Phospholipase C and Beta toxin virulence factor!! - Hemolytic crisis & acute death - Bacillary hemoglobinuria or "red water" disease of ruminants
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When I say "red water diseases" of ruminants, you say...
C. haemolyticum!
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Clostridium septicum general info
Leading cause of farm animal wound infestation - Malignant Edema - Braxy or bradsot - Alpha toxin*** - Spores maybe latent in muscle - Guarded prognosis
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Clostridium septicum - Malignant edema pathogenesis
Direct contamination --> hemorrhage, edema, necrosis --> painful,warm, pitting lesions --> becomes cold, crepitant, loses feeling --> death
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When I say malignant edema, you say...
Clostridium septicum!
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When I say bradsot or braxy, you say
Clostridium septicum!
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Clostridium chauvoei - Main disease pattern
BLACK LEG!! - necrotizing myositis in cattle
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When I say Black Leg, you say...
Clostridium chauvoei!
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C. chauvoei general info
Endogenous, soil-acquired infection, ingestion or injury maybe too - Alpha toxin!! (hemolytic, necrotizing, lethal) - May resemble gas gangrene / malignant edema
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C. chauvoei pathogenesis
Toxins & bacterial metabolism (fermentation gases) cause intitial lesion --> seeding of tissue (muscle) with spores from intestine --> edema, hemorrhage, myofibrillar necrosis
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C. piliforme
Tyzzer's disease - acute fatal diarrheal disease in foals, rabbits, lab mice etc
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When I say Tyzzer's disease, you say...
C. piliforme!
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C. sordeii
Fatal myositis & hepatic disease in ruminants and horses
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C. colinum
Quail disease, ulcerative enteritis & necrotizing hepatitis
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C. spiroforme
Juvenile enteritis in rabbits
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