ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS

Question 1

pharmaceutical solutions that are meant for application to delicate membranes of the body should also be adjusted to approximately the ____ with the body fluids

Answer 1

SAME OSMOTIC PRESSURE

Question 2

• Causes no swelling or contraction of tissues
• Produce no discomfort in the eye, nasal tract, blood or body tissues
• Has the same salt concentration, hence same osmotic pressure as the RBC

Answer 2

ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS

Question 3

Causes outward passage (Shrinkage/Crenation)

Answer 3

HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS

Question 3

Causes swelling, which leads to bursting (Hemolysis)

Answer 3

HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS

Question 3

Hypertonic Solutions

Answer 3

greater than 0.9% NaCl

Question 3

Hypotonic Solutions

Answer 3

<0.9% NaCl

Question 3

NSS

Answer 3

normal saline solution

Question 3

Methods of Adjusting Tonicity

NaCl or other substance is added
1) Cryoscopic Method
2) Sodium chloride Equivalent Method

Answer 3

CLASS I METHODS

Question 3

Refers to the concentration of aqueous NaCl solution having the same colligative properties as the solution in question

Answer 3

ISOTONICITY VALUE

Question 3

Methods of Adjusting Tonicity

water is added to the drug, followed by sufficient
isotonic solution
1) White-Vincent Method
2) Sprowls Method

Answer 3

CLASS II METHODS

Question 3

Measurement of Tonicity

Based on the appearance of RBC suspended in solutions

Answer 3

HEMOLYTIC METHOD

Question 3

Measurement of Tonicity

Based on slight differences in vapor pressure, freezing point or boiling point

Answer 3

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Question 4

HEMOLYTIC METHOD:
Hypotonic → ____

Answer 4

liberates oxyHgB

Question 4

Methods of Adjusting Tonicity

CLASS I METHODS

Answer 4

1) Cryoscopic Method
2) Sodium chloride Equivalent Method

Question 4

• a.k.a. “tonicic equivalent” of a drug
• the amount of NaCl that is equivalent to 1 gram of the drug

Answer 4

SODIUM CHLORIDE EQUIVALENT (E)

Question 4

Liso VALUES

non electrolytes

Answer 4

1.9

Question 4

Methods of Adjusting Tonicity

CLASS II METHODS

Answer 4

1) White-Vincent Method
2) Sprowls Method

Question 5

SODIUM CHLORIDE EQUIVALENT (E)

Answer 5

g NaCl / 1g of drug

Question 6

Liso VALUES

weak electrolytes

Answer 6

2.0

Question 7

Liso VALUES

di-divalent electrolytes

Answer 7

2.0

Question 8

Liso VALUES

uni-univalent electroylytes

Answer 8

3.4

Question 9

Liso VALUES

uni-divalent electrolytes

Answer 9

4.3

Question 10

Liso VALUES

di-univalent eelctrolytes

Answer 10

4.8

Question 11

# **Liso VALUES** **uni**-**tri**valent electrolytes

Answer 11

5.2

Question 12

# **Liso VALUES** **tri**-**uni**valent electrolytes

Answer 12

6.0

Question 13

# **Liso VALUES** **tetraborate** electrolytes

Answer 13

7.6

Question 14

**sucrose**, **glycerin**, **urea**, **camphor**

Answer 14

nonelectrolytes

Question 15

**boric acid**, **cocaine**, **phenobarbital**

Answer 15

weak electrolytes

Question 16

**magnesium** sulfate, **zinc** sulfate

Answer 16

di-divalent electrolytes

Question 17

**sodium** chloride, **cocaine hydrochloride**, **sodium phenobarbital**

Answer 17

uni-univalent electrolytes

Question 18

**sodium** sulfate, **atropine** sulfate

Answer 18

uni-divalent electrolytes

Question 19

**zinc** chloride, **calcium bromide**

Answer 19

di-univalent electrolytes

Question 20

sodium **citrate**, sodium **phosphate**

Answer 20

uni-trivalent electrolytes

Question 21

**aluminum chloride**, **ferric iodide**

Answer 21

tri-univalent electrolytes

Question 22

**sodium** borate, **potassium** borate

Answer 22

tetraborate eelctrolytes

Question 23

# **Sodium Chloride Equivalent Method** if **NaCl** is the **tonicity agent** | FORMULA

Answer 23

step 1: NaCl**drug** = **E**drug x **g**drug or NaCl**drug** = **E**drug x **%**drug/**100** x **mL**soln step 2: NaCl**total** = **0.009** x **mL**soln step 3: NaCl**needed** = NaCl**total** - NaCl**drug**

Question 24

# **Methods of Adjusting Tonicity** If **water** and **isotonic diluting agent** are used, the volume in mL of isotonic solution that may be prepared by mixing drug with water, followed by isotonic diluting agent to the required volume

Answer 24

WHITE VINCENT METHOD

Question 25

**WHITE VINCENT METHOD** formula

Answer 25

**V** = **w** x **E** x **111.1** or **V** = **%**drug / **100** x **mL**soln x **E** x **111.1**

Question 26

**Diffusion of water** across a semi-permeable membrane

Answer 26

osmosis

Question 27

* **Relative** solute concentrations of **two environments** separated by a semi-permeable membrane * The concentration of only the solute that **cannot cross a membrane**

Answer 27

TONICITY

Question 28

# **Sodium Chloride Equivalent Method** If NaCl is **not** the tonicity agent | FORMULA

Answer 28

step 1: NaCl**drug** = **E**drug x **g**drug or NaCl**drug** = **E**drug x **%**drug/**100** x **mL**soln step 2: NaCl**total** = **0.009** x **mL**soln step 3: NaCl**needed** = NaCl**total** - NaCl**drug** step 4: g**agent** = NaCl **needed** / E **agent**