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SOLUBILITY Flashcards

1
Q

concentration of a substance (solute) that dissolves in a given volume of solution (solvent) at a certain temperature to form a homogenous solution

A

SOLUBILITY

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2
Q

describes the solubility at a specific pH

A

buffer solubility

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3
Q

buffer solubility is also known as

A

apparent solubility

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4
Q

refers to the solubility of an ionizable compound in its neutral form

A

intrinsic solubility

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5
Q

the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a certain temperature

A

QUANTITATIVE SOLUBILITY

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6
Q

the spontaneous interaction of two or more substances to form a homogenous molecular dispersion

A

QUALITATIVE SOLUBILITY

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7
Q

solute in solution is in equilibrium with the solid phase

A

SATURATED

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8
Q
  • solute concentration < saturation point
  • the dissolved solute in a concentration is below the necessary for complete saturation
A

UNSATURATED

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9
Q
  • solute concentration > saturation point
  • contains more of the dissolved solute than it would normally contain
  • undissolved solute is present
A

SUPERSATURATED

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10
Q

the USP classified solubility into how many groups

A

7

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11
Q

Refer to standard reference works such as official compendia (e.g., USP, European pharmacopoeia) and the Merck Index for solubilities of specific substances.

A

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

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12
Q

Solubility of drugs as parts of solvents required for one part of solute

A

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

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13
Q

The greater the ____ between the solute and the solvent (similar physical-chemical properties), the greater the solubility

A

SIMILARITY

like dissolves like

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14
Q

Polar groups (-OH, -SH, -COOH) relationship w water solubility

A

increase

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14
Q

Non-polar groups (-CH3) relationship w water solubility

A

decrease

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15
Q

Ability to form H-bonds is

A

more significant

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16
Q

Polar solvent dissolve ____ or ____ solutes

A

ionic or polar

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17
Q

dissolves phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and amines

A

water

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18
Q

Solubility of drug is due in large measure to ____

A

polarity of the solvent

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19
Q

solubility also depends on ____ features

A

structural

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20
Q

SOLUBILITY

longer chains

A

less soluble

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21
Q

SOLUBILITY

straight chain

A

slightly soluble

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22
Q

increases water solubility

A

branching

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23
Q

separation of the ends of a dipole and the magnitude of the charges

A

dipole moment

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24
a quantity measuring the ability of a substance to **store electrical energy** in an electric field
dielectric constant
25
ability to **store** electrical charge
dielectric constant
26
decreasing polarity (**less polar**), decreasing water solubility (**less water-soluble**)
lower dielectric constant
27
solvents that are **unable** to **reduce** the **attraction** between ions of strong & weak electrolytes because of the solvents' low dielectric constants
Nonpolar solvents
28
* can induce a **certain polarity** in **nonpolar** solvents * e.g. **ketones** & **alcohols** * can act as **intermediate** solvents
semipolar solvents
29
# **MISCIBILITY** benzene + alcohol
miscible
30
# **MISCIBILITY** polar + nonpolar liquids
miscible
30
# **MISCIBILITY** PEG + water + peppermint oil
miscible
31
# **REMEMBER** decreasing **dielectric constant** decreasing **polarity** decreasing **solubility**
TYSM
32
what is the **solubility** of a **higher** dielectric constant
more soluble
33
dissolves phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines and other **O** and **N containing compounds**
hydrogen bonds
34
The solute molecules are **kept** in solution by the **weak**
van der waals-london
35
* **neither** accept nor donate protons * so **cannot** break covalent bonds and ionize * weak electrolytes
aprotic solvents
36
**increases** the **solubility** of **ether** in water
ACETONE
37
increases **miscibility** of the **water-castor oil mixture**
ALCOHOL
38
increases **miscibility** of **water** and **peppermint oil**; **water** and **benzyl benzoate**
PEG
39
# **SOLUBILITY** for substances that exhibit **endothermic** reaction
INCREASE solubility
40
# **SOLUBILITY** for substances that exhibit **exothermic** reaction
DECREASE solubility
41
most important drugs are
weak acids or bases
42
# **SOLUBILITY** acid + acid
decreased solubility, precipitates
43
# **SOLUBILITY** basic + basic
decreased solubility, precipitates
44
# **SOLUBILITY** acid + base
ionized, soluble
45
As a particle becomes **smaller**, the ____ **increases**.
surface area
46
allows **greater interaction** with the solvent which causes an **increase** in **solubility**
larger surface area
47
When **solvation** releases **more energy** than that required to separate particles, the overall process is
exothermic
48
# **SOLUBILITY** gases
increased temperature, decreased solubility
49
Solubility in water is **increased** by **increasing the capacity** of the **solute** for **H bonding** with ____
POLAR GROUPS
50
Solubility in water is **decreased** with an **increase** in the number of ____ atoms in the solute
CARBON
51
**polymers** with a ____ molecular weight are **insoluble**
HIGH
52
For many **organic** molecules, a **high melting point** means
LOW WATER SOLUBILITY
53
what **isomer** is **more soluble** | cis or trans
CIS
54
**isomer** that has a **lower** melting point | cis or trans
CIS
55
Increasing ____ increases solubility in **polar** solvents
UNSATURATION
56
**more soluble** than are those that are **crystalline** (hydrates)
ANHYDROUS SOLUTES
57
**Breaking up** the particles of the solute requires
ENERGY
58
forming **new attractive forces** between the solute and the solvent ____ energy
RELEASES
59
heat is **absorbed**
endothermic
60
heat is **released**
exothermic
61
the separation of particles **requires** **more energy** than is released during solvation
endothermic
62
When solvation **releases more energy** than that required to separate particles, the overall process is
exothermic
63
ano ginagawa sa **weak acids & bases** drugs para maging soluble in water
formulated into **salts**
64
# **SOLUBILITY** acid + base
ionized, hydrophilic, water soluble
65
a + a
lipophilic, water insoluble
66
b + b
lipophilic, water insoluble
67
* When a solution of a **weak electrolyte** is **altered** by **adding one of its ions** (common ion) **from another source**, the **ionization** of the weak electrolyte is **suppressed**. * An application of **Le Chatelier's Principle**
COMMON ION EFFECT
68
A system at **equilibrium** will **readjust** to **reduce** the **effect** of **external stress**
LA CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE
69
if a **common ion** is **added**, what happens to the solubility
decreases
70
# **SOLUBILITY** carboxylic acids
insoluble in water
71
# **SOLUBILITY** fatty acids
insoluble in water, soluble in solvents w/ low dielectric constant
72
# **SOLUBILITY** hydroxy acids | tartaric & citric
quite soluble in water
73
# **SOLUBILITY** potassium & ammonium bitartrates
very soluble in water
74
used sometimes to **dissolve water-insoluble acetylsalicylic aid**
sodium citrate
75
react with **dilute alkalies** to **form water-soluble salts**, but they can be precipitated as the free acids if stronger acidic substances are added to the solution
aromatic acids
76
**quite soluble** in water because they are solvated through their hydroxyl group
hydoxy acids | tartaric & citric
77
* form **soluble** soaps with the **alkali metals** * form **insoluble** soaps with **other metal ions** * **soluble** in solvents having **low dielectric constants**
fatty acids
78
# **SOLUBILITY** Phenol
slightly soluble
79
* **weakly acidic** * **slightly** soluble in **water** * **quite** soluble in **dilute sodium hydroxide**
PHENOL
80
# **SOLUBILITY** **organic** compounds containing a **basic nitrogen** atom
not very soluble in water
81
* **not very soluble** in **water** * **soluble** in **dilute solutions of acids**
organic compounds with N

PHYPHARM (28 decks)

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