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VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses > Key Terminology & Definitions - Endocrine > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - Endocrine Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Euglyaemia

A

Normal glucose conc in blood

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2
Q

Primary hyperfunction

A

Disorders of growth e.g. neoplasia, hyperplasia, PPID

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3
Q

Secondary hyperfunction

A

Secretion of excessive trophic hormone in one organ leads to long-term stimulation of a target organ (produces more hormone)

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4
Q

Primary hypofunction

A

Direct injury - less of endocrine organ, can’t function same amount e.g. immune-mediated lymphoplasmocytic hypophysis (in dogs)

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5
Q

Secondary hypofunction

A

Destruction of one organ interferes with secretion of trophic hormone e.g. failure of foetal endocrine func, veratrum californicum plant affects pregnant ewes

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6
Q

Apoplexy

A

Bleeding into an organ or loss of blood flow to an organ

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7
Q

Hypophysitis

A

Inflammation of pituitary gland

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8
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Savoury urine - extra water in urine due to ADH dysfunction (produced by neurohypophysis)

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9
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Sweet urine due to glucosuria

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10
Q

Central diabetes insipidus (CDI)

A

Inadequate synthesis and release of ADH, will respond to to exogenous administration of ADH, compresses/destroys parts of neurohypophysis that produce ADH (pars nervosa, infundibular stalk. supraoptic nucleus)

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11
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI)

A

Failure of renal tubular epithelial cells to respond to ADH, won’t respond to exogenous ADH

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12
Q

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)

A

(Equine) Due to a pars intermedia (melanotroph) adenoma - micro/macro, diffuse adenomatous hyperplasia of pituitary gland, melanotrophs produce excessive proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cleaved into alpha-MSH, beta-endorphin and CLIP -> excess hormones,

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13
Q

Hypertrichosis/hirsutism

A

Excessive hair growth

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14
Q

Adenohypophysealaplasia

A

No formation of pituitary gland

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15
Q

Cyclopia

A

Ring-eyed, no nose

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16
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Dec production and secretion of all hormones of pituitary gland -> pituitary dwarfism

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17
Q

Cranipharyngeal duct cysts

A

Pituitary cysts - may develop from remnants of distal craniopharyngeal duct, normally disappears by birth, lined by respiratory epithelium, filled with mucin, small - not clinically relevant

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18
Q

Rathke’s cleft cysts

A

Result from a failure of Rathke’s pouch ectoderm to differentiate into the adenohypophysis, leads to progressively enlarging cyst lined by respiratory epithelium + filled with mucin, enlarging cyst crushes adenohypophysis -> failure of adenohypophysis development - panhypopituitarism and pituitary dwarfism

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19
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Autosomal recessive disease most commonly in German Shepherd puppies, subnormal growth

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20
Q

Hypersomatotropism

A

= Feline acromegaly, result of an adenoma/adenomatous hyperplasia

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21
Q

Thyroid follicular cells

A

Produce thyroglobulin, single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells around colloid

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22
Q

Thyroid C-cells

A

= Parafollicular cells/medullary cells, found beside follicles, produce calcitonin, not controlled by TSH, respond directly to plasma conc of Ca^2+ (long term hypercalcemia results in hyperplasia of C cells)

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23
Q

Calcitonin

A

Polypeptide hormone, stored in granules, opposes effects of parathyroid hormone, dec Ca^2+, secreted by C cells

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24
Q

Ectopic thyroid tissue

A

Can be source of thyroid hormone after thyroidectomy.; can be site of thyroid carcinoma, occurs anywhere from bases of tongue to diaphragm, functional nodules common in base of heart of dogs

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25
Thyroglossal duct cysts
Derived from remnants of thyroglossal duct, can form cysts of sinus tracts on the ventral midline of the neck
26
Atherosclerosis
Too much cholesterol and fat deposits in blood vessels (become white and thicker), caused by hypercholesterolaemia
27
Myxoedema
Swelling of the skin and underlying tissues giving a waxy consistency - hypothyroidism, 'tragic' facial expression
28
Goitre
Non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid caused by follicular hyperplasia
29
Diffuse goitre
Typically compensatory, TSH-induced response to hypothyroidism
30
Multinodular goitre
Hyperplastic follicular cells acting autonomously (independent of TSH) to cause hyperthyroidism e.g. in old cats Groups of delinquent thyroid follicular epithelium ignore the hypothalamus & pituitary gland Rest of thyroid gland undergoes atrophy (negative feedback resulting in low TSH)
31
Goitrogens
Substances that cause hyperplastic goitre
32
Colloid goitre
Involutionary stage of goitre, when blood T4 and T3 return to normal
33
Pheochromocytoma
Derived from chromaffin cells.
34
Parathyroid hormone
Mobilises calcium from bone (bone resorption)
35
Vitamin D
Inc calcium uptake from gut (major target)
36
Calcitriol
Active form of vitamin D produced in proximal tubular cells of kidney, retention of calcium in bone, acts on bone directly and indirectly by stimulating osteoclastic bone resorption + inhibiting PTH secretion, formed
37
Calcidiol
Inactive form of vitamin D
38
Calcitonin
Stored in granules, opposes effects of PTH, secreted by C cells in response to hypercalcaemia, acts on bones + kidneys -> hypocalcemia + hypophosphataemia
39
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)
Structurally similar to PTH, produces humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM) by secretion of PTHrP by cancer cells
40
Parturient hypocalcaemia
Severe hypocalcaemia due to rapid change in physiological calcium demands
41
Dysecdysis
Abnormal shedding
42
Pseudohyperparathyroidism
= Humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM) - secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), causes hypercalcaemia + soft tissue mineralisation
43
Dyshormonic goitre
Rare cause of congenital hypothyroidism occurring due to a lack of enzymes necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, morphologically characterised by architectural and cellular pleomorphism that may mimic thyroid malignancy and cause difficulties in differential diagnosis.
44
Metastatic mineralisation
Hypercalcaemia, too much in blood
45
Dystrophic mineralisation
Cells breaking down, contain a lot of Ca^2+, creates foci of necrosis
46
Lardaceous
Having a fatty or waxy texture resembling lard, or affected by deposits of this kind
47
Calcinosis cutis
Accumulation of calcium salt crystals in skin - calcification of degenerate collagen, localised (dystrophic calcification)
48
Phaeochromocytoma
Neoplasia of adrenal medulla, rare, mostly seen in dogs and cattle, may be benign or malignant, may secret catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
49
Pancreatic islets
Masses of endocrine tissue (secrete hormones) embedded within the exocrine tissue of the pancreas
50
Glucagon
Produced by alpha-cells near periphery of islet, polypeptide - acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis; increases blood glucose content + gluconeogenesis, due to hypoglycaemic effects of insulin
51
Insulin
Produced by beta-cells centrally + more numerous in islet, dimer of and chains w/ S-S bridges, acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes decrease of blood glucose content in response to hyperglycaemia
52
Somatostatin
Produce by delta-cells, less abundant in islet, polypeptide, inhibits release of other islet cell hormones (glucagon, insulin) through local paracrine action; inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary and HCl secretion by gastric parietal cells
53
Pancreatic polypeptide
Produced by F or PP cells of islet, rare, polypeptide, stimulates activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits polypeptide bile secretion, - pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion, and intestinal motility, antagonises effects of cholecystekinin, inhibits exocrine pancreatic secretion + gall bladder contraction, delaying gastric emptying
54
Grehlin
Produced by epsilon-cells - appetite inc, insulin secretion suppression
55
Nesidioblastosis
Non-neoplastic proliferation (hyperplasia) of islet and ductular tissue and is typically an incidental finding
56
Paraganglioma
AKA chemodectomas, endocrine tumour mostly in dogs (brachycephalic), derived from chemoreceptor organs, a collection of neuroepithelial cells normally associated with the parasympathetic nervous system - breathing + circulation, changes in blood e.g. CO2, pH, O2 tension, tumour develop principally in the carotid and aortic bodies of animals at base of heart
57
Malassezia dermatitis
Part of normal flora of skin of dogs and cats -> overgrowth
58
Atrophy
Decrease in the mass of a tissue due to decreased size + number of cells (after it has reached its normal size)
59
Dermal atrophy
Thinning of dermal collagen fibrils -> decreased dermal thickness
60
Hyperhidrosis
Episodically moist/greasy skin which can matt coat (inc sweating), prolonged anagen of hair follicles = environment for bacteria to grow

VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses (36 decks)

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