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VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses > Key Terminology & Definitions - Endocrine > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Euglyaemia

A

Normal glucose conc in blood

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2
Q

Primary hyperfunction

A

Disorders of growth e.g. neoplasia, hyperplasia, PPID

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3
Q

Secondary hyperfunction

A

Secretion of excessive trophic hormone in one organ leads to long-term stimulation of a target organ (produces more hormone)

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4
Q

Primary hypofunction

A

Direct injury - less of endocrine organ, can’t function same amount e.g. immune-mediated lymphoplasmocytic hypophysis (in dogs)

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5
Q

Secondary hypofunction

A

Destruction of one organ interferes with secretion of trophic hormone e.g. failure of foetal endocrine func, veratrum californicum plant affects pregnant ewes

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6
Q

Apoplexy

A

Bleeding into an organ or loss of blood flow to an organ

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7
Q

Hypophysitis

A

Inflammation of pituitary gland

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8
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Savoury urine - extra water in urine due to ADH dysfunction (produced by neurohypophysis)

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9
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Sweet urine due to glucosuria

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10
Q

Central diabetes insipidus (CDI)

A

Inadequate synthesis and release of ADH, will respond to to exogenous administration of ADH, compresses/destroys parts of neurohypophysis that produce ADH (pars nervosa, infundibular stalk. supraoptic nucleus)

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11
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI)

A

Failure of renal tubular epithelial cells to respond to ADH, won’t respond to exogenous ADH

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12
Q

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)

A

(Equine) Due to a pars intermedia (melanotroph) adenoma - micro/macro, diffuse adenomatous hyperplasia of pituitary gland, melanotrophs produce excessive proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cleaved into alpha-MSH, beta-endorphin and CLIP -> excess hormones,

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13
Q

Hypertrichosis/hirsutism

A

Excessive hair growth

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14
Q

Adenohypophysealaplasia

A

No formation of pituitary gland

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15
Q

Cyclopia

A

Ring-eyed, no nose

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16
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Dec production and secretion of all hormones of pituitary gland -> pituitary dwarfism

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17
Q

Cranipharyngeal duct cysts

A

Pituitary cysts - may develop from remnants of distal craniopharyngeal duct, normally disappears by birth, lined by respiratory epithelium, filled with mucin, small - not clinically relevant

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18
Q

Rathke’s cleft cysts

A

Result from a failure of Rathke’s pouch ectoderm to differentiate into the adenohypophysis, leads to progressively enlarging cyst lined by respiratory epithelium + filled with mucin, enlarging cyst crushes adenohypophysis -> failure of adenohypophysis development - panhypopituitarism and pituitary dwarfism

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19
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Autosomal recessive disease most commonly in German Shepherd puppies, subnormal growth

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20
Q

Hypersomatotropism

A

= Feline acromegaly, result of an adenoma/adenomatous hyperplasia

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21
Q

Thyroid follicular cells

A

Produce thyroglobulin, single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells around colloid

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22
Q

Thyroid C-cells

A

= Parafollicular cells/medullary cells, found beside follicles, produce calcitonin, not controlled by TSH, respond directly to plasma conc of Ca^2+ (long term hypercalcemia results in hyperplasia of C cells)

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23
Q

Calcitonin

A

Polypeptide hormone, stored in granules, opposes effects of parathyroid hormone, dec Ca^2+, secreted by C cells

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24
Q

Ectopic thyroid tissue

A

Can be source of thyroid hormone after thyroidectomy.; can be site of thyroid carcinoma, occurs anywhere from bases of tongue to diaphragm, functional nodules common in base of heart of dogs

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25
Q

Thyroglossal duct cysts

A

Derived from remnants of thyroglossal duct, can form cysts of sinus tracts on the ventral midline of the neck

26
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Too much cholesterol and fat deposits in blood vessels (become white and thicker), caused by hypercholesterolaemia

27
Q

Myxoedema

A

Swelling of the skin and underlying tissues giving a waxy consistency - hypothyroidism, ‘tragic’ facial expression

28
Q

Goitre

A

Non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid caused by follicular hyperplasia

29
Q

Diffuse goitre

A

Typically compensatory, TSH-induced response to hypothyroidism

30
Q

Multinodular goitre

A

Hyperplastic follicular cells acting autonomously (independent of TSH) to cause hyperthyroidism e.g. in old cats
Groups of delinquent thyroid follicular epithelium ignore the hypothalamus & pituitary gland
Rest of thyroid gland undergoes atrophy (negative feedback resulting in low TSH)

31
Q

Goitrogens

A

Substances that cause hyperplastic goitre

32
Q

Colloid goitre

A

Involutionary stage of goitre, when blood T4 and T3 return to normal

33
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Derived from chromaffin cells.

34
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Mobilises calcium from bone (bone resorption)

35
Q

Vitamin D

A

Inc calcium uptake from gut (major target)

36
Q

Calcitriol

A

Active form of vitamin D produced in proximal tubular cells of kidney, retention of calcium in bone, acts on bone directly and indirectly by stimulating osteoclastic bone resorption + inhibiting PTH secretion, formed

37
Q

Calcidiol

A

Inactive form of vitamin D

38
Q

Calcitonin

A

Stored in granules, opposes effects of PTH, secreted by C cells in response to hypercalcaemia, acts on bones + kidneys -> hypocalcemia + hypophosphataemia

39
Q

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)

A

Structurally similar to PTH, produces humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM) by secretion of PTHrP by cancer cells

40
Q

Parturient hypocalcaemia

A

Severe hypocalcaemia due to rapid change in physiological calcium demands

41
Q

Dysecdysis

A

Abnormal shedding

42
Q

Pseudohyperparathyroidism

A

= Humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM) - secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), causes hypercalcaemia + soft tissue mineralisation

43
Q

Dyshormonic goitre

A

Rare cause of congenital hypothyroidism occurring due to a lack of enzymes necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, morphologically characterised by architectural and cellular pleomorphism that may mimic thyroid malignancy and cause difficulties in differential diagnosis.

44
Q

Metastatic mineralisation

A

Hypercalcaemia, too much in blood

45
Q

Dystrophic mineralisation

A

Cells breaking down, contain a lot of Ca^2+, creates foci of necrosis

46
Q

Lardaceous

A

Having a fatty or waxy texture resembling lard, or affected by deposits of this kind

47
Q

Calcinosis cutis

A

Accumulation of calcium salt crystals in skin - calcification of degenerate collagen, localised (dystrophic calcification)

48
Q

Phaeochromocytoma

A

Neoplasia of adrenal medulla, rare, mostly seen in dogs and cattle, may be benign or malignant, may secret catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

49
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

Masses of endocrine tissue (secrete hormones) embedded within the exocrine tissue of the pancreas

50
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced by alpha-cells near periphery of islet, polypeptide - acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis; increases blood glucose content + gluconeogenesis, due to hypoglycaemic effects of insulin

51
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by beta-cells centrally + more numerous in islet, dimer of and chains w/ S-S bridges, acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes decrease of blood glucose content in response to hyperglycaemia

52
Q

Somatostatin

A

Produce by delta-cells, less abundant in islet, polypeptide, inhibits release of other islet cell hormones (glucagon, insulin) through local paracrine action; inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary and HCl secretion by gastric parietal cells

53
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide

A

Produced by F or PP cells of islet, rare, polypeptide, stimulates activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits polypeptide
bile secretion, - pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion, and intestinal motility, antagonises effects of cholecystekinin, inhibits exocrine pancreatic secretion + gall bladder contraction, delaying gastric emptying

54
Q

Grehlin

A

Produced by epsilon-cells - appetite inc, insulin secretion suppression

55
Q

Nesidioblastosis

A

Non-neoplastic proliferation (hyperplasia) of islet and ductular tissue and is typically an incidental finding

56
Q

Paraganglioma

A

AKA chemodectomas, endocrine tumour mostly in dogs (brachycephalic), derived from chemoreceptor organs, a collection of neuroepithelial cells normally associated with the parasympathetic nervous system - breathing + circulation, changes in blood e.g. CO2, pH, O2 tension, tumour develop principally in the carotid and aortic bodies of animals at base of heart

57
Q

Malassezia dermatitis

A

Part of normal flora of skin of dogs and cats -> overgrowth

58
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in the mass of a tissue due to decreased size + number of cells (after it has reached its normal size)

59
Q

Dermal atrophy

A

Thinning of dermal collagen fibrils -> decreased dermal thickness

60
Q

Hyperhidrosis

A

Episodically moist/greasy skin which can matt coat (inc sweating), prolonged anagen of hair follicles = environment for bacteria to grow

VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses (36 decks)

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