STEEPLECHASE - NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
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Taenia multiceps (tapeworm) - with double ring of rostellar hooks
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Cestode - proglottids
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General cestode adult morphology, segmented
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Taenia multiceps cyst (coenurus) in sheep brain
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Coenurus cyst on left cerebral hemisphere in 6 m/o lamb
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General appearance of taenia/echinococcus eggs
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Thelazia - nematode
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Thelazia callipaeda
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Muscid fly - Thelazia vector
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Clinical signs of Thalezia - eye lesions - cloudy and ulcerated cornea, ulcerated eye
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Surface and cut views of cerebrum of 20 y/o Paint horse with histologically confirmed EPM (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, due to Sarcocystis neurona)
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Sciatic nerve
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Dog, transverse slice - grey mass on floor of right ventricle
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Dog, transverse slices, asymmetric ventricle dilation
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(Representative samples taken from brain)
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Frontal lobe/basal nuclei
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Thalamus
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Thalamus
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Midbrain
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Pons
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Brainstem/cerebellum
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Brainstem
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Spinal cord
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Guinea pig
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Ferret
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Cat
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Dog
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Horse
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Symmetrical lesions - sheep, polioencephalomalacia
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Tumour
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Embolic encephalitis
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Suppurative meningitis
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Dog, hydrocephalus
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Leucomalacia
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Poliomalacia
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Malacia - grossly = cavitation and haemorrhage e.g. abscess
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Malacia
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Fibrosis
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Describe the lesion
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Contusion = bruising, ruptured capillaries
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Haematoma in subarachnoid
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Haematoma in intracerebral space
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Penetrating brain injury
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Penetrating brain injury
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Microchip in miniature dog breed through foramen magnum into brain
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Tract of gun shot - penetrating brain injury
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Contusion of spinal cord
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Intervertebral disc disease
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Intervertebral disc disease
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Intervertebral disc disease
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Cervical stenotic myelopathy "Wobbler syndrome"
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Cervical stenotic myelopathy "Wobbler syndrome"
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Foramen magnum - site of herniation, brain pushed out underneath
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First arrow = Falx cerebri, second arrow = Falx cerebelli, third arrow = tentorium cerebelli (sites of herniation)
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Tentorium cerebelli (site of herniation)
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Sites of herniation
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Infarction
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Multiple cerebral infarctions due to Strongylus Vulgaris aberrant larval migration - can be found in mesenteric vessels in abdomen -\> gut lesions (wedge-shaped)
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Focal haemorrhage and softening in thalamus
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Describe the lesion and its pathogenesis
Multi-focal dark lesions scattered through WM + GM, pin-point, dark-red to black, vascular origin in WM and GM
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Polioencephalomalacia
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Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants
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Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants
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Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants - fluorescence of lesions under UV light
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Thiamine deficiency in carnivores - bilaterally symmetrical foci - malacia in grey matter of brainstem
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Thiamine deficiency in carnivores - bilaterally symmetrical foci - malacia in grey matter of brainstem
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - humans, thiamine deficiency
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Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia
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FSE = focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
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Oedema disease in pigs
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Oedema disease in pigs
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Diffuse suppurative meningitis - pig
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Suppurative meningitis
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Gitter cells - microglia containing phagocytosed material (in cerebral abscess)
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Rabies virus - spread via nerves
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Gliosis - viral infections
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Perivascular cuffs with gliosis (inflammation due to viral infections)
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Canine distemper virus
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Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast) - clean exudate lesions + pyogranulomatous lesions
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Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast)
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GID = coenurus, Taenia multiceps
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Granulomatous menigoencephalomyelitis (GME)
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Classical, C-type BSE, rostral brain, particularly in frontal cortex
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H-type BSE - white matter of cerebellum
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L-type BSE - molecular and granular layers of cerebellum
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Healthy cow brain under microscope
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Hydrocephalus - in utero infection with canine parainfluenza virus via stenosis of mesencephalic aqueduct (virus injures ependyma), brachycephalic dog breeds
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Cerebellar hypoplasia - feline parvovirus
DDx - feline panleukopenia virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, border disease virus - cause selective necrosis of external granular layer cells
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Leptomeningeal melanosis - non-pathogenic, neuronal and ceroid lipofuscinosis = cerebral and/or cerebellar atrophy with yellow-brown discolouration
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Anaemia
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Multifocal cerebral infarcts with malacia and haemorrhage, occlusion caused by metastatic bronchoalveolar carcinoma
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Thalamic infarct - systemic hypertension, sepsis, coagulopathy, cerebral neoplasm, vascular malformation, hypothyroidism
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Cerebral oedema - vasogenic (extra fluid accumulation, renal failure), cytotoxic (endothelial cell swelling then nerve cell), hydrostatic (interstitial) (inc hydrostatic pressure from obstructive internal hydrocephalus) or hypo-osmotic (abnormal osmotic gradient)
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Gyral herniation - increased intracranial pressure, cerebral swelling, oedema
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Meningocele - secondary to cranium bifidum - dorsal midline cranial defect, can be caused by griseofulvin (medication to treat fungal infections) in pregnant cats, both are types of dysraphia (fusion failure/defect)
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Lissencephaly (smooth brain) - failure of neuronal migration/development, most lab animal species = normal anatomical finding, anencephaly = absence of cerebral hemispheres
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Suppurative meningitis - Strep suis, Hemophilus parasuis, E. coli, Salmonella cholerasuis (any ages, but tends to be more granulomatous than suppurative)
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Locally extensive granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME)
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Cryptococcus spp. - mucicarmine stain, Cuterebra spp. causes unilateral ischaemic necrosis, most common in areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery
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Thrombotic meningoencephalitis - histophilus somni, DDx Chlamydia pecorum (sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis)
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Pyogranulomatous vasculitis / encephalitis due to FECV (feline enteric coronavirus) mutation -\> FIPV, type IV HS -\> non-effusive form (small to medium veins affected) (effusive form = type III HS)
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Meningioma - most common brain tumour in dogs + cats, typically benign (rare variant = paranasal meningioma - arises from meningeal arachnoid cells that are trapped within or outside bone during development of skull, horses and dogs)
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Metastatic cerebral haemangiosarcoma often at GM and WM interface
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Cerebral oligodendroglioma - well-demarcated, grey + gelatinous, canine gliomas (malignant brain tumours usually found deep within brain tissue) = second most common brain tumours in dogs, common in brachycephalic breeds
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Cholesteatoma (cholesterol granuloma) - repeated trauma/haemorrhage within choroid plexus
(In horses, also known as cholesterol granulomas, develop in choroid plexus of lateral ventricles may occlude interventricular foramen and cause internal hydrocephalus
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Cortical laminar necrosis with neuronal necrosis (polioencephalomalacia) due to thiamine deficiency, sulfur toxicity, lead toxicity in ruminants
Sequela: cortical atrophy +/- hydrocephalus
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Nigropallidal encephalomalacia - yellow star thistles poisoning, bilaterally symmetrical sharply demarcated foci of yellow discolouration (malacia) in globus pallidus (pallidal) + substantia nigra (nigro), histo = primary neuronal necrosis
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Encephalomalacia, multifocal, subacute, moderate, random (white matter predominant), Clostridium perfringens type D (epsilon toxin), bilaterally symmetrical malacia due to vascular injury, sites - internal capsule, basal nuclei, thalamus, hippocampus, rostral colliculus and substantial nigra, pons, corona radiata of frontal cortex and cerebellar peduncles
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Leptomeningeal fibrosis - Canine senile meningeal fibrosis, brain from an aged dog with numerous leptomeningeal collagenous plaques
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Spinal cord infarction - fibrocartilaginous emboli
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Scoliosis, congenital
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Cervical stenotic myelopathy - Wobbler's syndrome, vertebra on bottom is stenotic, vertebra on top is normal, dogs - large breeds (8 mo - 1 yr, affects C5-C7)
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Listeria
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Listeria - neurological form, circling disease, lesion distribution in caudal brain stem
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Listeriosis - visceral, septicaemic phase, systemic infection
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Listeriosis
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Listeriosis, perivascular cuffing - bacterial colonies around blood vessel
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IHC - Listeria monocytogenes
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Listeriosis - granulomatous encephalitis, sheep
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Septicaemia, visceral listeriosis
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Third eyelid prolapse - CS of listerisosis
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Subacute abscess of medulla of cow, listeriosis
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Medullary abscess - cow, listeriosis
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Degeneration and necrosis of neurones, arrows pointing to listeria in tissues
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Listeriosis
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Rabies - encephalitis, Negri bodies = virus factories in the brain, aren't always present and hard to see
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Flavivirus
