KIN 100 Final (Lecture 14 - 16) Flashcards
1
Q
Why do we have two circuits and 4 chambers in the heart?
A
- In order to maintain blood pressure
- so oxygenated blood doesnt mix with deoxygenated
- the two circuits are systemic and pulmonary
2
Q
The heart (facts)
A
- Anterior to mediastinum
- 2/3rds on the left side
- 4 borders
3
Q
The pericardium
A
- sack that surrounds the heart
4
Q
Epicardium
A
- on the outside of the heart
5
Q
myocardium
A
- contractile muscles of the heart
- cardiac muscle tissue
6
Q
Endocardium
A
- the inside of the heart
- simple squamous epithelium
7
Q
Intercalated disk (What is it?)
A
- makes conduction occur faster
8
Q
How does the conducting system of the heart flow?
A
- SA node
- Internodal pathways
- AV node
- AV bundles
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje Fibers
9
Q
Arteries of the head
A
brachiocephalic trunk
subclavian common carotid
vertebral internal and external carotid
10
Q
Arteries of the brain
A
- Basilar
- internal carotid
- vertebral
- cerebral atrial circle
11
Q
Veins of the head
A
internal jugular external jugular
sigmoid sinus
right transverse sinus
superior sagittal sinus
12
Q
Internal inspiration (consists of?)
A
- oxygen utilization
- energy production by cells
- gas exchange between blood and tissues
13
Q
External inspiration (consists of?)
A
- gas exchange between blood and air
- acts of breathing
14
Q
5 Requirements for respiration to occur
A
- Surface for gas exchange
- selectively permiable membrane for diffusion
- moist membrane for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Extensive capillary network
- effective ventilation
15
Q
The upper respitory system consists of?
A
- nose
- pharynx
16
Q
The lower respitory system consists of?
A
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree
- Pulmonary alveoli
- Lungs
17
Q
Nasal Conche (what do they do?)
A
- Increase turbulence
- increase humidity
- increase time in nose to increase temperature
18
Q
The pharynx (3 parts)
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
19
Q
The larynx (functions)
A
- Connects laryngopharynx with trachea
- prevents food from entering trachea
- produces sound
- framework for 9 cartilages
- 3 large paired
- 6 small unpaired
20
Q
Epiglottis (what does it do?)
A
- Controls where food goes
21
Q
Laryngeal prominence (what is it?)
A
- its known as our Adams apple
22
Q
Vocal cords (what are they?)
A
- vocal folds: true vocal cords
- vestibular folds: support vocal cords
23
Q
Trachea (what is it?)
A
- Connects larynx to principal bronchi
- 16-20 hyaline cartilages
- can be constricted by trachealis muscle
24
Q
Lobar bronchi (secondary)
A
- 2 left
- 3 right
25
Segmental bronchi (tertiary)
- 9 left
- 10 right
26
Bronchioles (features)
- Thick smooth muscle walls
- Terminal and respitory bronchioles
27
Cells of Alveoli
- Simple stratified epithelium
- type 1 cell: produces surfactant
- type 2 cell: surrounded by surfactant
28
Mediastinal surface
- contains hilum for vessels, nerve and bronchi
29
The pleural cavities (functions)
- reduce friction
- aid in inspiration
30
3 levels of pleural cavities (what are they)
1. parietal pleura
2. pleural cavity
3. visceral pleura
31
4 Layers of digestive tract
1. Mucosa (innermost)
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. visceral peritoneum (outermost)
32
What nerve innervates the digestive system?
- the Myenteric plexus
33
Peristalsis (what is it)
- circular squeezes then long pulls it forwards
34
Segmentation (what is it?)
- the circular muscle crushes and breaks up food
35
The oral cavity (Functions)
- innate digestion of carbs
- poison testing
- mechanical processing
- Lubrication
36
3 Salivary glands (what are they?)
- Parotid gland: largest, 25%
- Subinguinal gland: below tongue, 5%
- Submandibular gland: 70%
37
Pharynx muscles (Palatal muscles)
- Moves the soft palate
38
Pharynx muscles (Laryngeal elevators)
- Elevate larynx
39
Pharynx muscles (Pharyngeal constrictors)
- Move food into esophagus
40
Swallowing (3 steps)
1. Buccal phase (only voluntary phase)
- moves food into neck
2. Pharyngeal phase
- into esophagus
3. Esophageal phase
- food into stomach
41
Esophagus (features)
- folds important to the passage of food
(allow for bigger swallows)
- Stratified squamous epithelium
42
Stomach 4 regions (what are they?)
- Fundus: superior region
- Cardia: just after esophagus
- Body: main part
- Pylorus: inferior region before exit
43
The small intestine (Duodenum)
- First part of small intestine
- Neutralizes acidity of stomach
44
The small intestine (Jejunum)
- Second passage of intestine
- Where most absorbtion takes place
45
The small intestine (Ileum)
- final passage
- longest
- moves food to large intestine
46
The small intestine (Plicae)
- Folds in small intestine
47
Villi (what epithelium are they?)
- Simple columnar epithelium
48
The large intestine (functions)
- Reobsorbtion of water
- Absorbtion of vitamins
- Storage
49
Liver and gallbladder (functions)
- Metabolic regulation
- Hematological regulation
- Production and secretion of bile
50
Liver and gallbladder (4 lobes)
- left
- right
- caudate (superior)
- quadrate (inferior)
51
The urinary system (Functions)
- Regulate pH
- Regulate plasma concentration
- Regulate blood volume and pressure
- Eliminate organic waste and toxins
- Synthesize calcitriol (calcium regulator)
- Assist in liver detoxification
52
Parts of the kidney
- Renal pyramid (pyramid shape) 6-18
- Renal lobe (cortex and pyramid both)
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
53
Parts of a nephron
- renal corpuscle
- proximal convoluted tubule
- distal convoluted tubule
- cortical nephron (in the cortex)
- juxtamedullary nephron (in medulla)
54
Order of flow in kidney (What is it?)
1. minor calyx
2. major calyx
3. renal pelvis
4. ureter
5. bladder
55
What are the little divets in the bladder?
- they are called rugae
