PSYCH 104 Midterm 2 (sleep and drugs) Flashcards

Question

Freud's Dream Protection Theory (Where did it come from?)

Answer 1

Freud's Dream Protection Theory - "The interpretation of dreams" ○ Published by Sigmund Freud in 1899 ○ Dreams reflect "wish-fulfillment" of unconcious desires § Prevents unconscious urges from ruining sleep ○ Primitive unconscious urges/desires are expressed symbolically within the dream and require "interpretation" § Manifest content: the raw facts and details about the dream § Latent content: the underlying meaning about details within the dream

Answer 2

Freud's Dream Protection Theory - Problems ○ People with brain damage who cant dream will sleep soundly ○ Dreams are often not wish-filling § Mostly negative § Consist of benign people and activities § Can be nightmarish ○ Most dreams involve no sexual themes

Answer 3

Activation synthesis theory - Theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which cortical regions of the brain then attempt to weave into a story ○ REM is induced by increased Acetylcholine in the pons and reductions in serotonin and norepinepherine

Answer 4

- Out of body experiences (OBE) ○ The sensation of our conciousness leaving our body ○ Occurs in aproximately 10% of the general population ○ People who experience OBE's often report other strange experiences as well ○ OBE's often occur in conjunction with near-death experiences: § Out of body experience reported by people who've nearly died or thought they were going to die

Answer 5

Déjà Vu - Feeling of reliving an experience that’s new - Lasts approximately 10-30 seconds - May be due to ○ Excess levels of dopamine in temporal lobe § People with small temporal love seizures will report déjà vu prior to the seizure ○ Resemblance of past events poorly remembered

Answer 6

Hypnosis - Set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings and behaviors - People are chosen to be "hypnotized" on the basis of their suggestibility. They are not "hypnotized" to be suggestible

Answer 7

- Myths: ○ Puts people in a "trance" ○ People can be made to do things they don’t want to ○ People are aware of their surroundings ○ People forget what took place ○ Hypnosis can give you special abilities - Hypnotism enhances memory

Answer 8

Hypnosis - Regression therapy ○ People are hypnotized to remember events from childhood (where their psych problems originate) ○ Problems: § Reports of age-regressed individuals often cannot be corroborated by individuals present at the time § Poggendorf illusion EEG responses

Answer 9

○ Past life regression therapy § People are regressed to remember events from a past life § Problems □ Claims of regressed individuals often prove false when fact checked □ Ability to be regressed to a past life is dependent on a brief in reincarnation

Answer 10

- Psychoactive drug: ○ Substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter conciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons ○ Alter how we think, act, and feel ○ Effects of the drug depend on § Type § Dose

Answer 11

Drugs: - Depressants: decreased activity of the central nervous system (initial high followed by sleepiness, slower thinking, and impaired concentration ○ Alcohol, barbiturates valium

Answer 12

- Stimulants: increased activity of the central nervous system (sense of alertness, well-being, and energy) ○ Tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines

Answer 13

- Opiates: sense of euphoria, decreased pain ○ Heroin, morphine, codeine

Answer 14

- Psychedelics: dramatically altered perception, mood, and thoughts ○ Marijuana, LSD, ecstasy

Answer 15

Drugs - Blood brain barrier A physiological mechanism that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, so that some substances, such as certain drugs, are prevented from entering brain tissue, while other substances are allowed to enter freely.

Answer 16

Diagnosis of substance use disorder (SUD) ○ User has significant recurring impairments in their life as a result of drugs

Answer 17

- Tolerance ○ Reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect § Often an attempt of the body to maintain homeostasis

Answer 18

- Withdrawal: ○ Unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually

Answer 19

- Depressants: ○ Drugs that create a decrease in nervous system activity

Answer 20

○ Alcohol § Increases GABA § Decreased glutamate § At low doses inhibitory control centers in the cortex are "depressed" □ Creates a release of inhibitors □ 'upper' phase of drinking § At higher doses other regions are "depressed" □ Loss of motor coordination □ Impaired judgement □ "downer" phase of drinking ® Alcohol myopia: not thinking through what you do and the inability to pay attention

Answer 21

® Alcohol myopia: not thinking through what you do and the inability to pay attention

Answer 22

- Depressants: ○ Barbiturates and tranquilizers § Sleeping pills and sedatives § Increase in GABA activity § Very addictive § At high doses can lead to depression, a loss of motor coordination, and memory impairments

Answer 23

○ Amphetamines § Reduce sleep, fatiuge, appetite, and depression § Increase dopamine and norepinepherine § Injections, can lead to massive spikes in blood pressure causing a stroke § Amphetamine Psychosis: □ Schizophrenia-like hallucinations that occur when the brains dopamine activity is artificially increased far beyond normal levels and by heavy and/or continuous amphetamine use

Answer 24

○ Methamphetamines § Inhaled via smoking § Ingredients to produce it are very accessible § More potent than standard amphetamines □ Increased probability of OD and dependance § Can cause aggression, paranoia, acne, "Meth mouth"

Answer 25

○ MDMA (Ecstasy) § 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Answer 26

○ Cocaine § Grows from a south American plant Erythroxylum coca § Was a common curative in the 1800s § Can be injected, snorted, or inhaled § Has analgesic properties § Creates excitement and euphoria § Blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinepherine § Has (relatively) mild withdrawal symptoms that are accompanied by strong cravings for the drug

Answer 27

○ Opiates § Drugs that bind to opioid/endorphin receptors and produce analgesic and euphoric effects § Derived from the opium poppy § Can produce increased levels of dopamine leading to euphoria § Can be administered in a variety of methods § Well known examples: □ Morphine □ Codeine □ Heroin □ Fentanyl □ Oxy-Contin

Answer 28

○ Hallucinogens/psychedelics § Drugs which cause dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought § Can enhance, distort, and intensify sensory experience § Effects are often unpredictable leading to paranoia, violence, and anxiety in some people § Cannabis □ Usually smoked, but can be consumed in a variety of forms □ Comes from the leaves of hemp plant (cannabis sativa) □ Primary ingredient THC ® Stimulus in cannabinoid receptors □ Myths ® Causes amotivational syndrome ® Acts as a "Gateway drug"

PSYCH 104 Midterm 2 (sleep and drugs) Flashcards

(52 cards)