KIN 103 Midterm (Lecture 8)

Question 1

Immunity (Definition)

Answer 1

IMMUNITY: the body’s ability to protect itself from:
▫ Itself.
▫ Bacteria, Viruses, & other Disease-causing
entities.

Question 2

The Immune System three main functions

Answer 2

1) Recognize and Remove abnormal cells.
2) Remove dead and damaged cells.
3) Protects the body from disease-causing
invaders. (pathogens)

Question 3

Autoimmune diseases cause?

Answer 3

INCORRECT RESPONSE
▫ Cannot distinguish SELF vs. NON-SELF.
▫ .e.g. Type I Diabetes.

Question 4

Allergies cause?

Answer 4

OVERACTIVE RESPONSE.
▫ Response out of proportion with the threat of pathogen.
▫ e.g. Bee sting.

Question 5

Inherited or acquired disease cause?

Answer 5

LACK OF RESPONSE.
▫ Some component(s) of the immune system fail to
function.
▫ e.g. HIV then AIDS

Question 6

Pathogens

Answer 6

Pathogens: the invaders that can cause sickness
- Can be protozoal and fungi
- Can be multicellular

Question 7

Bacteria

Answer 7

• Cells usually have a cell wall
• Most can survive and reproduce outside a host
• Most can be killed or inhibited by antibiotics

Question 8

Viruses

Answer 8

• Not cells nucleic acid core with protein coat
• Parasitic. Must have a host cell to reproduce
• Cannot be killed with antibiotics some can be inhibited with antiviral drugs

Question 9

Barriers (What are the two primary ones?)

Answer 9

Barriers:
▫ Physical – skin & mucous membranes.
▫ Chemical – glandular secretions & stomach acid.

Question 10

Lymphoid tissues (What are they?)

Answer 10

• Lymphoid Tissues
  ▫ Primary: Thymus & Bone Marrow.
  ▫ Secondary:
   Spleen & Lymph Nodes (encapsulated).
   Tonsils & GALT (unencapsulated or diffuse).

Question 11

Immune cells (What are they?)

Answer 11

• Immune cells
  ○ White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes
  § 1L of blood contains 5 trillion RBCs and 7 billion WBCs

Question 12

Granulocytes (What are they?)

Answer 12

Granulocytes
▫ Granules in cytoplasm.
▫ Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

Question 13

Phagocytes (What are they?)

Answer 13

Phagocytes
▫ Engulf & ingest their target cells by
phagocytosis.
▫ Neutrophils, Macrophages, Monocytes,
Dendritic Cells

Question 14

Cytotoxic Cells

Answer 14

Cytotoxic Cells
▫ Kill target cells.
▫ Eosinophils and some Lymphocytes.

Question 15

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Answer 15

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
▫ Present fragments of foreign proteins on
their surface.
▫ Marcophages, Monocytes, Dendritic
cells, B Lymphocytes

Question 16

What are the most abundant type of WBC?

Answer 16

Neutrophils

Question 17

Innate Immunity (What is it?)

Answer 17

Innate Immunity
▫ Nonspecific immune response.
▫ e.g. Inflammation.

Question 18

Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity

Answer 18

Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
▫ Specific immune response.
 Cell-Mediated: Immune cell binds to
target.
 Antibody-mediated: Antibodies are
secreted and combine to target cells.

Question 19

4 Basic steps of the immune response (What are they?)

Answer 19

The 4 basic steps:
1) DETECT and IDENTIFY the foreign
substance.
2) COMMUNICATE with other immune
cells.
3) RECRUIT assistance and coordination
of the response.
4) DESTROY or SUPPRESS the invader.

Question 20

NK cells (What are they?)

Answer 20

Natural Killer (NK) Cells
* Recognize virus-infected cells and induce
them to commit suicide (apoptosis) before
they can replicate.
* NK cells also attack some tumor cells.
* These cells secrete antiviral cytokines
(interferons) that interfere with viral replication
and activate other immune cells.

Question 21

The Inflammatory Response (What are the 3 main purposes?)

Answer 21

1) Attracts immune cells and chemical
mediators to the site.
2) Create a physical barrier to slow the
spread of infection.
3) Promote tissue repair once infection is
controlled.

Question 22

The Inflammatory Response (What is it initiated by?)

Answer 22

The Inflammatory Response
* This response is initiated when
macrophages release cytokines,
which:
▫ Attract other immune cells.
▫ Increase capillary permeability.
▫ Cause fever.

Question 23

Innate immune response (What do interleukins do?)

Answer 23

Interleukins
▫Leukocyte-secreted cytokines that act
on other leukocytes.
▫Several types, multiple effects.

Question 24

Innate immune response (What do Complement proteins do?)

Answer 24

Complement proteins
▫Can act as opsonins, chemotaxis, and
membrane attack complex.

Question 25

Innate immune response (What does Bradykinin do?)

Answer 25

* Bradykinin ▫Stimulates pain receptors & vasodilator.

Question 26

Innate immune response (What do Acute phase proteins do?)

Answer 26

Acute phase proteins - Act as opsonins that coat pathogens and enhance the inflammatory response.

Question 27

Innate immune response (What does histamine do?)

Answer 27

Histamine acts as a: ▫Vasodilator – hot, red, swollen infection/wound site. ▫Bronchoconstrictor – congestion, stuffy nose.

Question 28

What is the high risk level for CVD?

Answer 28

High Risk Levels for CVD: hsCRP level above 3mg/L

Question 29

What is the acquired immune response mediated by?

Answer 29

* Mediated primarily by lymphocytes.

Question 30

Passive Immunity (What is it?)

Answer 30

Passive Immunity ▫ Acquired antibodies made by another person or animal.

Question 31

Lymphocytes (What do they do?)

Answer 31

Lymphocytes * Primary cells involved in acquired immune response. * Each lymphocyte has membrane receptors that binds only one specific ligand. ▫ All lymphocytes that are specific for a ligand form a group known as a clone. * Clones with identical receptor react to a specific pathogen.

Question 32

What activates clonal expansion?

Answer 32

Exposure to an antigen activates the clone and stimulates clonal expansion

Question 33

In immune response what are effector cells?

Answer 33

▫ Effector cells – immediate response, short lived

Question 34

In immune response what are memory cells?

Answer 34

Memory cells – long lived = quicker and more rapid response to subsequent antigen exposure.

Question 35

B Lymphocytes (B cells) (What are they?)

Answer 35

B Lymphocytes (B cells) ▫ Develop in bone marrow. ▫ Antibody Immunity defending against extracellular pathogens. ▫ Mature B cells insert antibody molecules into their cell membranes.  Antibodies become surface receptors marking the members of each clone.

Question 36

Antibodies (What are they?)

Answer 36

Antibodies ▫ Most antibodies are found in the blood. ▫ Antibodies make antigens more visible to the immune system. ▫ Antibodies (Ab) are also called immunoglobulins (Ig) or gamma globulins

Question 37

Antibody functions (What are the 5?)

Answer 37

1. Activate B lymphocytes 2. Act as opsonins to tag antigens for phagocytosis 3. Activate antibody dependent cellular activity 4. Activate compliment proteins 5. Trigger mast cell degranulation

Question 38

What is the Fab region?

Answer 38

It is where antigens bind

Question 39

Vaccinations (What do they do?)

Answer 39

Vaccinations * Contain a pathogen that is not harmful to individual but will be recognized as foreign by the immune system. * Initiates formation of memory cells with specific antibody to particular pathogen antigen. * Should induce a stronger and more rapid secondary immune response upon infection

Question 40

T Lymphocytes (T cells) (What are they?)

Answer 40

T Lymphocytes (T cells) ▫ Develop in Thymus gland. ▫ Cell-mediated immunity defending against intracellular pathogens. ▫Insert T-cell receptors into their cell membranes. ▫ T cells bind to cells that display foreign antigen fragments as a part of major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

Question 41

T Lymphocytes (T cells) (What are the 3 subtypes?)

Answer 41

T Lymphocytes (T cells) ▫Subtypes:  Cytotoxic T Cells (TC) – induce apoptosis.  Helper T Cells (TH) – secrete cytokines.  Natural Killer (NK) Cells – similar to TC .

Question 42

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Answer 42

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) - basically when your body rejects an organ * Named when found to be major cause of rejecting organ or tissue transplant. * A family of membrane proteins, MHC proteins are on the cell membrane of all nucleated cells in the body. * MHC proteins combine with antigen fragments (MHC-antigen complex) and then insert into the cell membrane and are visible on the extracellular surface.

Question 43

MHC class I (Where are they found?)

Answer 43

MHC class I ▫ Found on all nucleated human cells. ▫ Recognized by Cytotoxic T cells - kills infected cell

Question 44

MHC class II (Where are they found?)

Answer 44

MHC class II ▫ Found primarily on antigen - presenting cells (APCs; macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells). ▫ Recognized by Helper T cells – secretes cytokines

Question 45

What is the relation between stress and exercise?

Answer 45

- it has been shown that too much exercise is not beneficial to our health but too minimal can be harmful too, moderation is ideal for the best health levels.