KIN 103 Midterm (Lecture 8) Flashcards
(45 cards)
Immunity (Definition)
IMMUNITY: the body’s ability to protect itself from:
▫ Itself.
▫ Bacteria, Viruses, & other Disease-causing
entities.
The Immune System three main functions
1) Recognize and Remove abnormal cells.
2) Remove dead and damaged cells.
3) Protects the body from disease-causing
invaders. (pathogens)
Autoimmune diseases cause?
INCORRECT RESPONSE
▫ Cannot distinguish SELF vs. NON-SELF.
▫ .e.g. Type I Diabetes.
Allergies cause?
OVERACTIVE RESPONSE.
▫ Response out of proportion with the threat of pathogen.
▫ e.g. Bee sting.
Inherited or acquired disease cause?
LACK OF RESPONSE.
▫ Some component(s) of the immune system fail to
function.
▫ e.g. HIV then AIDS
Pathogens
Pathogens: the invaders that can cause sickness
- Can be protozoal and fungi
- Can be multicellular
Bacteria
- Cells usually have a cell wall
- Most can survive and reproduce outside a host
- Most can be killed or inhibited by antibiotics
Viruses
- Not cells nucleic acid core with protein coat
- Parasitic. Must have a host cell to reproduce
- Cannot be killed with antibiotics some can be inhibited with antiviral drugs
Barriers (What are the two primary ones?)
Barriers:
▫ Physical – skin & mucous membranes.
▫ Chemical – glandular secretions & stomach acid.
Lymphoid tissues (What are they?)
- Lymphoid Tissues
▫ Primary: Thymus & Bone Marrow.
▫ Secondary:
Spleen & Lymph Nodes (encapsulated).
Tonsils & GALT (unencapsulated or diffuse).
Immune cells (What are they?)
- Immune cells
○ White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes
§ 1L of blood contains 5 trillion RBCs and 7 billion WBCs
Granulocytes (What are they?)
Granulocytes
▫ Granules in cytoplasm.
▫ Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
Phagocytes (What are they?)
Phagocytes
▫ Engulf & ingest their target cells by
phagocytosis.
▫ Neutrophils, Macrophages, Monocytes,
Dendritic Cells
Cytotoxic Cells
Cytotoxic Cells
▫ Kill target cells.
▫ Eosinophils and some Lymphocytes.
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
▫ Present fragments of foreign proteins on
their surface.
▫ Marcophages, Monocytes, Dendritic
cells, B Lymphocytes
What are the most abundant type of WBC?
Neutrophils
Innate Immunity (What is it?)
Innate Immunity
▫ Nonspecific immune response.
▫ e.g. Inflammation.
Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
▫ Specific immune response.
Cell-Mediated: Immune cell binds to
target.
Antibody-mediated: Antibodies are
secreted and combine to target cells.
4 Basic steps of the immune response (What are they?)
The 4 basic steps:
1) DETECT and IDENTIFY the foreign
substance.
2) COMMUNICATE with other immune
cells.
3) RECRUIT assistance and coordination
of the response.
4) DESTROY or SUPPRESS the invader.
NK cells (What are they?)
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
* Recognize virus-infected cells and induce
them to commit suicide (apoptosis) before
they can replicate.
* NK cells also attack some tumor cells.
* These cells secrete antiviral cytokines
(interferons) that interfere with viral replication
and activate other immune cells.
The Inflammatory Response (What are the 3 main purposes?)
1) Attracts immune cells and chemical
mediators to the site.
2) Create a physical barrier to slow the
spread of infection.
3) Promote tissue repair once infection is
controlled.
The Inflammatory Response (What is it initiated by?)
The Inflammatory Response
* This response is initiated when
macrophages release cytokines,
which:
▫ Attract other immune cells.
▫ Increase capillary permeability.
▫ Cause fever.
Innate immune response (What do interleukins do?)
Interleukins
▫Leukocyte-secreted cytokines that act
on other leukocytes.
▫Several types, multiple effects.
Innate immune response (What do Complement proteins do?)
Complement proteins
▫Can act as opsonins, chemotaxis, and
membrane attack complex.