kms Flashcards by Hailey Tudlong

bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres it’s like the pathway. Messages move from one side of the brain to the other

Corpus callosum

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this hemisphere specializes in any kind of thoughts requiring analysis

left hemisphere

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this hemisphere specializes in more widespread processing

Right hemisphere

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Sleep disorder caused by breathing interruptions during sleep

sleep apnea

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neurological sleep disorder with irregular sleep patterns and the inability to controland regulates sleep and wakefulness

narcolepsy

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sleep disorder also known as sleepwalking

Somnambulism

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drugs that affect the chemical and physical functioning of the brain altering perception and behavior of the user

psychoactive drugs

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mimic Neurotransmitters

agonist

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Block Neurotransmitters

antagonist

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slow the activity of the central nervous system

depressants

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depresses the area of the brain that controls judgment and inhibition

Alcohol

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drugs that dull the senses and relieve pain, also called oploids

narcotics

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drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

stimulants

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drugs that alter mood, distort perceptions, and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

hallucinogens

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Conduct a groundbreaking research with Gazzaniga on split brain patients, helped improve understanding of brain lateralization

Roger Sperry

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cognitive neuroscientist, best known for his research with Sperry on split brain patients

Michael Gazzaniga

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founder of functionalism who maintained that psychology should aim to understand how consciousness helps organisms adapt to their environments

William James

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founder of psychoanalysis. His approach to therapy included dream interpretation which he believed could reveal insights about the unconscious mind

Sigmund Freud

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The influence of genetics and brain chemistry (physical and biological processes)

Biological

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mental processes exist because they serve an evolution purpose, they aid in survival and reproduction

Evolutionary

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lobe of the brain: voluntary movement/ higher order cognitive processes

Frontal lobe

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lobe of the brain: integrates perceptions from different senses

parental lobe

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lobe of the brain: vision

occipital lobe

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lobe of the brain: sense of hearing/ meaningful speech

temporal lobe

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One of two symmetrical halves (left and right) of the brain, specialized for particular functions

Hemispheres

the localization of some functions in one of the two hemispheres

Lateralization

pathway that connects two hemispheres

Corpus callosum

autonomic responses; including breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

medulla

what does medulla do

responses to breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Regulates motor coordination

cerebellum

regulates variety of drives (hunger, thirst, sexual arousal and temperature)

Hypothalamus

Formation of long term movements

hippocampus

involved with fear, aggression, and other emotions

amygdala

A.k.a. fear Center

amygdala

transfers information between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

pons

contributes to attention and conscious state by filtering incoming stimuli and selectively relaying information

Reticular formation

Relays signals from other parts of the brain to the cerebral cortex and regulates sleep, and consciousness

Thalamus

The wrinkled surface of the cerebrum

Cerebral cortex

largest part of the human brain

Cerebral cortex

This regulates emotions and drives; consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and other structures

The limbic system

is the brains ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain

Neuroplasticity

The process to create new neurons

neurogenesis

Is the two hemispheres of the brain and it can’t communicate with each side

Split brain

Who researched split brain

Sperry and Gazzaniga

Region in the frontal lobe of a person’s dominant hemisphere that controls speech production

Brocas area

region in the temporal lobe of a person’s dominant hemisphere that controls speech comprehension

Wernicke’s area

voluntary movement

motor cortex

recieves and processes sensory information

somatosensory cortex

body’s communication network

the nervous system

brain and the spine

central nervous system

sensory nerves outside brain/spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

Voluntary movement from your brain to your muscles

Somatic nervous system

involuntary and unconscious actions (breathing, blood pumping, etc)

autonomic nervous system

Part of the autonomic nervous system activated during the “fight or flight”response to stress

sympathetic nervous system

part of the autonomic nervous system activated during the “rest and digest” response to non-stressful situations

Parasympathetic nervous system

An automatic involuntary response to a particular response

reflex

Part of the neuron that receives messages

Dendrites

Part of the neuron that keeps the neuron functional

Soma

part of the neuron that protect nerve and speeds up messages

Myelin Sheath

Part of the neuron that carries messages

axon

part of the neuron that sends signals

axon terminals

action potential “firing”

Neuron sends information

resting potential

Neuron is charged and ready to fire

All or none principle

neuron fires at full strength or not at all

Chemical messengers

Neuro transmitters

cause neurons to fire (more action potential)

Excitatory neurotransmitters

prevent neurons from firing (less action potentials)

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Movement and memory

acetylcholine

mood

serotonin

Pleasure chemical of the brain

Dopamine

response to danger “ fight or flight”

norepinephrine

calming the central nervous system

GABA

thinking, memory, learning

Glutamate

relieve pain and stress, feelings of pleasure/euphoria

Endorphins

sensory neuron, sensory input to the spinal cord into the brain

Afferent neuron

Motor neurons carry signals away from central nervous system to initiate an action

efferent neuron

middleman between the afferent and efferent neurons

Interneuron

studied speech disorders. Region of the cerebrum responsible for speech comprehension named after him

Carl Wernicke

System of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to maintain the bodies homeostasis

Endocrine system

Chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream

hormones

Endocrine organs that produce and secrete hormones

Glands

The primary gland in the endocrine system regulated by the hypothalamus

pituitary gland

produces and secretes hormones that regulate metabolism; found in the neck

Thyroid gland

produces and secretes stress hormones like cortisol and epinephrine cadrenaline

adrenal gland

Device that uses electrodes on the scalp to detect and record the brain waves

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

uses magnetic fields and ratio waves to produce high resolution images of brain structure

MRI

Measures blood oxygen levels to determine brain functions

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Uses a radioactive dye injected into the bloodstream to detect neurological activity

pet scan

use x-rays to create 3-D images of brain structure

CT scan

genetics

nature

nurture

environment

Research design that investigates the traits of identical and fraternal twins to determine the extent to which traits are genetically or environmentally controlled

Twin study

extent to which differences in the appearance of a trait across several people can be accounted for by differences in their genes

heritability

The process by which fitter organism are able to genetically outcomplete others of their species by living longer and having more offspring

natural selection

evolved traits that are well suited to a particular environment

Adaptations

is a state of being aware of your environment and your own mental activity

Consciousness

all the things within one’s awareness at the present moment

Conscious level

Body’s automatic biological processes, like breathing and heartbeat which are controlled by brain but outside consciousness

Non-conscious level

when exposure to a stimulus beneath conscious awareness influences a response to other stimuli

priming

A period of dreamless sleep

NREM sleep

Period of sleep that is most associated with dreaming

REM sleep

another name for REM sleep, due to the contradictory way in which the brain is active but the body is at rest

Paradoxical sleep

burst of neural activity that take place in stage two of NREM sleep and may be important for memory consolidation

sleep spindles

stages three and four of NREM sleep, the deepest stages of sleep. When the neural activity and brain waves are slowest

Slow wave sleep

The actual events and imagery within a dream, according to Freud, serves to mask the unconscious thoughts and desires of the dreamer

manifest content

The unconscious thoughts and desires underlying the manifest content of dreamers

latent content

theory that dreams are the brain’s interpretations of the neural activity during REM sleep

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

dreaming is a way for the brain to deal with stress

information-processing theory

sleep disorders that causes the sleeper to wake from NREM sleep suddenly weird feelings of extreme fear, agitation are dread

Night terrors

Sleep disorder marked by difficulty falling or staying asleep

Insomnia

The lowest segment of the brain. Primarily involved in the regulation of basic bodily functions and consisting of the cerebellum, medulla, pons and reticular formation

hindbrain

The middle segment of the brain, involved with motor control, vision, hearing, arousal, sleep temperature regulation, and the transmission of sensory information

Midbrain

The highest segment of the brain, consisting of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebrum

forebrain

speech disorder

wernicke’s aphasia

aka master gland

pituitary gland