Knowledge Check: Napoleon & Europe Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
When did the Allies enter Paris? Who did they invite to take the throne?
A
- April 1814
- Invited Louis XVIII to take the throne on the condition he accepted a charter of 74 articles.
2
Q
What 7 provisions did Louis XVIII accept in the charter to take the throne?
A
- Constitution with bicameral assembly
- Fair taxation & legal equality
- Pardon for revolutionaries
- Abolished conscription
- Careers open to talent
- Free press & freedom of worship
- Guaranteed biens nationaux land ownership
3
Q
How did Louis XVIII qualify the provisions of the charter?
A
Added a preamble stating all freedoms were his personal gift, not guaranteed rights.
4
Q
What was Louis XVIII’s intention in qualifying the charter?
A
To reinforce his image as a monarch by divine right.
5
Q
When was the First Peace of Paris signed and who signed it?
A
- 30th May 1814
- Louis XVIII
6
Q
What did the First Peace of Paris agree?
A
- Agreed for the allies to withdraw from French soil.
- France’s borders return to their state in 1792, losing Belgium, Holland, Italy and Germany.
- France maintain their looted artworks.
7
Q
How many more people lived in France under the First Peace of Paris than did in 1790?
A
500,000 more people
8
Q
When was the Congress of Vienna and how long did it last?
A
November 1814 and lasted 8 months
9
Q
What was the Congress of Vienna intended to achieve?
A
Confirm the First Treaty of Paris and work out its details through representatives from the allies and France.
10
Q
When did the Hundred Days take place from-until?
A
20th March 1815 - 22nd June 1815
11
Q
What were the Hundred Days?
A
A period in which Napoleon retook control of France until his 2nd abdication.
12
Q
When did news reach the Congress of Vienna that Napoleon had escaped from Elba?
A
11th March 1815
13
Q
What was the response of the Congress to Napoleon escaping Elba and when was it issued?
A
- 13 March 1815
- Declared Napoleon an outlaw
- Pledged support to Louis XVIII against any attempt by Napoleon to regain power
14
Q
When did Napoleon land in France following his escape from Elba? Where in France did he land?
A
- 1st March 1815
- Calais
15
Q
How many supporters did Napoleon have and what groups were they from following his escape from Elba?
A
1,000 supporters from the peasantry and labouring classes
16
Q
How many supporters did Napoleon have by the point that the Vienna Congress knew of his presence in France on the 9th March 1815?
A
12,000
17
Q
On what date did the royal army defect to Napoleon following his escape from Elba?
A
19th March 1815
18
Q
Why did the royal army defect to Napoleon in the 19th March 1815?
A
- Army was underpaid (half wages)
- Still had Republicans and Bonapartists
- High taxes not reduced
- Continued conscription
- Fear of losing biens nationaux lands
19
Q
What was the Acte Additionel?
A
An attempt to introduce new constitutional measures in France during the Hundred Days to appeal to liberals.
20
Q
What did the Acte Additionel aim to propose?
A
- Free elections
- A free press
- A constitutional monarchy
- A bicameral legislature (with peers appointed by Napoleon and representatives elected for 5 years).
21
Q
What was the turnout on the plebiscite for the Acte Additionel and what does this indicate?
A
- 22%
- Suggesting widespread apathy at Napoleon’s attempts to reinvigorate his power in France and appeal to a wider support base.
22
Q
How many troops did Napoleon manage to raise to challenge the Fourth Coalition? What issue was there with this?
A
- 300,000 troops
- Not enough when faced with the numerically superior forces of the Fourth Coalition.
23
Q
What was the aim of Napoleon’s military tactics against the Fourth Coalition?
A
- Prevent enemy armies from uniting
- Exploit their lack of coordination
- Defeat them individually and seek separate peace deals
24
Q
When was the Battle of Waterloo?
A
18th June 1815
25
What was the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo?
Napoleon was defeated by the British and his troops withdrew
26
When did Napoleon abdicate from his position for the second time?
22nd June 1815
27
When did Napoleon surrender to the British?
15th July 1815
28
When did Louis XVIII issue a proclamation pardoning all but those involved in leading Napoleon’s Hundred Days?
26th June 1815
29
When was the Second Peace of Paris signed?
November 1815
30
What did the Second Peace of Paris intend to avert?
Aimed to prevent France from threatening European peace in the future
31
What were the terms of the Second Peace of Paris?
- Reduced France’s borders to those of 1790
- A payment of indemnities of 700 million francs
- Forced France to return all looted artworks
- France would have an army of occupation under Wellington for 5 years or until the payment of indemnities.
32
What was the Cordon Sanitaire and what countries made it up?
- A line of buffer states to contain France’s threat
- Included Prussia, the Netherlands, Swiss cantons, and Northern Italian republics
33
What may have influenced the decisions of the Vienna Congress to inflict such punitive measures upon France?
A determination to restore the monarchy and control instead of democracy influenced the Vienna Congress, aiming to avert the progress of the revolution.
34
What changes were made to Europe by the Vienna Congress in terms of Poland, Galicia and Italy?
- Poland: much of Poland granted to Russia.
- Galicia: most of Galicia granted to Austria.
- Italy: divided into separate states following creation of Republics by Napoleon.
35
What controversial actions did the restored Bourbon monarchy take upon returning to the French throne?
- Restore France’s old Bourbon monarchy flag
- Reformed the Household Guard under new officers drawn from the ranks of the old nobility.
36
What 7 changes remained in place from the revolutionary and Napoleonic period following the Bourbon restoration?
- Département system of administration
- Prefects
- Reformed tax systems
- The Bank of France
- The Napoleonic Civil Code
- Careers being open to talent/meritocracy
- Legal system changes.
37
What was the size of the electorate under the restored Bourbon monarchy?
An electorate of 100,000 people in a population of 29 million.
38
What was the state of France’s economy under the Bourbon Restoration, and why?
- Economy recovered significantly
- Boosted by end of Continental System
- Benefited from Napoleon’s reforms
- Agriculture began to prosper
39
What suggestions are there that the Napoleonic regime embodied the principles of the revolutionary period?
- Advanced the principle of equality of opportunity
- Promoted liberty and religious toleration
- Codified the constitution and legal system on multiple occasions
- Abolished feudalism and created a stable government.
40
What suggestions exist that Napoleon’s regime did not embody revolutionary principles?
- Napoleon’s regime was authoritarian and infringed upon liberty
- Exploited plebiscites
- Blocked the wishes of the Senate through using senatus consultum.
- Created a heavy system of press censorship, propaganda, policing and observation of suspect groups.
- Men were the main beneficiaries of his reforms, as were the bourgeoisie, limiting equality.
41
When did the Continental Blockade take place from-until?
1806 - 1810
42
When did the Peninsular War take place from-until?
1808 - 1814
43
When did the Austrian Campaign take place from-until?
February 1809 - October 1809
44
When did the Russian Campaign take place from-until?
June 1812 - December 1812
45
When did the War of the Fourth Coalition take place from-until?
1812 - 1814
46
What were the impacts of the Continental Blockade?
- Created domestic unpopularity
- French economy suffered due to lack of sugar, tobacco, coffee and tea
- Created discontent among allies such as Tsat Alexander who withdrew leading to the Russian Campaign on 31st December 1810
47
What was the Austrian campaign?
A conflict with Austria which began after the Austrians invaded French-controlled Bavaria in April 1809 which was perceived to have been a weak point in the Empire
48
What were the outcomes of the Austrian Campaign?
- Napoleon's victory
- Treaty of Schöbrunn gave France 83,000 km2 of land
49
What were the impacts of the Austrian campaign?
- Napoleon lost 34,000 men
- His tactical defences were exposed
- Identified the weakness in using troops from Satellite states
50
How many troops set out and returned in Napoleon’s Russian Campaign, and how many were fit for service after?
- 600,000 set out in Russian Campaign
- 10,000 returned to France
- 1,000 fit for further service.
51
When and where did the Battle of Nations take place?
October 1813 at Leipzig
52
The War of the Fourth Coalition: When was the Treaty of Fontainebleau signed?
6 April 1814
52
The War of the Fourth Coalition: What was the outcome of the Battle of Nations?
The Fourth Coalition’s troops succeeding over the French and pushing them back across Germany.
53
The War of the Fourth Coalition: What did the Treaty of Fontainebleau determine for Napoleon?
Napoleon agreed to give up his throne and be exiled to the island of Elba as his own kingdom. This saw him remain as Emperor, however.
54
What did Napoleon use to ratify the Constitution VIII?
Plebiscite of 1800
55
How many were purged from the Legislative Body?
60
56
How many Jacobins were arrested and deported in 1801?
129
57
Which bodies of government were purged in 1802?
- The Senate
- The Tribunate
- The Legislative Body
58
Which prince did Napoleon write to help royalist threat?
Comte de Provence
59
Which liberals were banished and how far?
- Madame de Staël
- Benjamin Constant
- 64 km away from Paris
60
Which leaders were implicated in Napoleon's two assassination attempts?
- Jean Charles Pichegru
- Georges Cadoudal
61
What was Lucien Bonaparte's role in the government?
Minister of the Interior
62
What did Napoleon say he would not restore?
- Emigré
- Church lands
63
When was the Treaty of Tilsit with Russia?
7-9th July 1807
63
When was the King of Spain forced to abdicate?
5th May 1808 which began the Peninsular War
64
When did Prussia invade northern France?
1 January 1814
65
When did Louis XVIII enter Paris and where did he install himself?
- 3rd May 1814
- Tuileries Palace
66
Where did a rising against the Borbouns take place before Napoleon got to which city?
- 9th March 1815
- Lyons
67
Where was Napoleon exiled to after his second abdication and who guarded it?
- Saint Helena
- Guarded by British until his death in 1821
68
When was the Berlin Decree issues?
November 1806
69
What was the Berlin Decree?
Forbade all states under French control or allied to France from buying British goods and declared that Britain and its overseas possessions were in a state of blockade
70
What was the British response to the Berlin Decree and when was it?
- November 1807
- 'Orders in Council'
- Recipricol of Berlin Decree
71
What did Napoleon issue in December 1807 as part of the Continental System?
- Milan Decree
- Any ships that had allowed themselves to be searched by the British Royal Navy were liable to capture by the French
72
When did the French take Lisbon and what happened to the royal family there?
- December 1807
- Royal family fled to Brazil
73
What did Napoleon abandon in 1805 before he issued the Berlin Decree in 1806?
Abandoned plans to invade Britain but instead enhance economic warfare
74
The Peninsular War: When was Spain a French ally and what did the do together?
- Spain had mainly been a French ally 1795-1807
- A joint Franco-Spanish force took control of Portugal as it was a British entry point for goods?
75
The Peninsular war: What happened in Spain in March 1808?
- Ferdinand attempted a coup against Charles
- France entered Spain with 100,00 soldiers and forced the abdication of Charles and Ferdinand
76
The Peninsular War: Which groups supported French rule of Spain and who opposed it?
- Middle class supported French rule
- Peasants and aristocracy were against French rule mainly due to religious grievances
77
The Peninsular War: When did Napoleon enter Madrid and with how many soldiers?
- 4 December 1808
- 80,000 men
78
The Peninsular war: Why did Napoleon’s trop struggle in Spain?
- Struggled to live off land
- Bad supplies land
79
Peninsular War: When was the Battle of Bailen and what happened?
- July 1808
- Spanish Army of Andalusia defeated Napoleon
80
Peninsular War: Which of Napoleon's brothers became King of Spain and when?
- Joseph
- August 1808
81
Peninsular War: Who did Britain send in August 1808 and what Battle happened with what outcome?
- Sent Arthur Wellesley who was later the Duke of Wellington to aid the Spanish
- The French were defeated at the Battle of Vimiero in Portugal by the British/Spanish which maintained pressure on the French as it gave them ports and bases in Portugal
82
Peninsular War: What was Napoleon's strategy but what was 3 problems the military faced?
- Use overwhelming numbers of French troops to attack the Spanish rebels.
- Struggled to live off the land and the population was hostile with poor communication lines
83
Peninsular War: Who was Sir John Moore and what happened to him?
- Replaced Wellesley and took command of British forces
- Forced to withdraw to Corunna on the northern coast of Glacia
- Moore died in battle with the French but the British Navy saved them
84
Peninsular War: Why and when did Napoleon leave Spain?
- January 1809
- Had to deal with Austrians who were planning to attack France
85
Peninsular War: When did Wellesley return to Lisbon, with how many troops and what did he set up?
- April 1809
- 30,000 men
- Set up Lines of Torres Vedras which were a series of forts around Lisbon
86
Peninsular War: What happened in 1813 and 1814?
- 1813: French defeated at Vitoria and British enter Madrid
- 1814: Wellesley led an invasion of France and defeated the French at Toulose
87
Austrian Campaign: Where did Napoleon defeat the Austrians and when?
- 21st - 22nd April 1809
- Eckmühl
88
Russian Campaign: What happened in June 1812 and what opportunity did he miss?
- Napoleon began his Russian invasion
- Missed an opportunity to liberate the Lithuanians who were anti-Russians
89
Russian Campaign: How did the Russians prevent the French from living off the land and why was this a problem?
- Burned crops as they retreated
- Impacted the French as they only brought 4 days of rations
- French became dependent on an ever-lengthening supply line
90
Russian Campaign: What happened when Napoleon advanced to Moscow?
They found it looted and deserted as the Russian governor set it on fire
91
Russian Campaign: When did Napoleon abandon his men in Russia and why?
- December 1812
- News of a plot by Malet to overthrow him
92
The War of the Fourth Coalition: When did Napoleon declare war on Prussia?
April 1813
93
The War of the Fourth Coalition: Evidence of early success for Napoleon?
Won 3 Battles including a victory at Bautzen
94
How were territories integrated into 'Greater France'?
They were reorganized into départements and administered using French structures.
95
How did satellite states mirror France's administration?
They adopted councils of state and prefectural structures similar to France.
96
Where did the Gendarmerie effective in reinforcing imperial power and where was it not?
- Effective in directly-controlled territories
- Faced resistance in Southern Italy and Northern Germany
- Failed in Spain
97
What control did Napoleon have over rulers in the Empire?
Rulers reported to Napoleon and sent all important documents to Paris.
98
What distinguished the inner Empire from the outer Empire?
The inner Empire was well-integrated and obedient; the outer Empire was less enthusiastic and resisted control.
99
What was the main principle of Napoleon's economic policy?
'France first'—prioritizing French interests in the Empire.
100
How did Napoleon raise tax revenue in Italy between 1805–1811?
Improved efficiency led to a 50% increase in tax revenue.
101
What was the dotations system and from what year was it used from?
- Endowments of land revenue given to loyal individuals, inherited but not sellable without imperial permission.
- Used from 1806
102
Why did non-French manufacturers suffer under Napoleon?
They had to supply France, e.g., raw silk from Lombardy went to Lyons.
103
What economic benefit did the Confederation of the Rhine bring?
It integrated Western Germany into a more cohesive economic unit.
104
What religious reforms did Napoleon enforce in his Empire?
Concordat of 1801 ended Church privilege, imposed tolerance, seized lands, made clergy civil servants.
105
How did Napoleon treat feudal privilege in the Empire?
Abolished tax exemptions, seigneurial courts, and imposed the Civil Code.
106
When and where was serfdom abolished under Napoleon in the Empire?
In the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in 1807.
107
What law was the basis for Napoleonic conscription?
Jourdan’s Law of 1798, registering men aged 18–40.
108
How did Napoleon enforce conscription across the Empire?
By installing French administrators and constitutional measures.
109
How successful was Napoleon at reducing conscription evasion?
From 25% evasion in 1804 to 10% by 1813.
110
What battle weakened the Second Coalition in 1799?
Russian withdrawal at Zurich.
111
What did Napoleon achieve in May 1800 in Italy?
A surprise attack on Austrians, turning the tide with reserves.
112
What was the significance of the Treaty of Lunéville (1801)?
Secured French gains: Belgium, left Rhine, N. Italy, and Tuscany.
113
What led to the breakdown of the Peace of Amiens?
Both France and Britain broke terms, e.g., Malta and United Provinces.
114
Why did Napoleon abandon his invasion of Britain in 1805?
Renewed threat from Austria and British naval power.
115
What was the result of the Battle of Ulm (1805)?
Napoleon captured 50,000 Austrian troops.
116
What happened at Austerlitz in 1805?
Napoleon defeated 90,000 Austro-Russian troops.
117
What did the Treaty of Tilsit establish in 1807?
Russia joined the Continental System; Prussia paid indemnity and lost land.
118
How did Napoleon's Empire grow by 1810 in terms of departements and population size?
130 départements and 44 million people.
119
What was Napoleon’s goal for Europe?
To create a 'common fatherland' under French leadership.
120
Why was the Grande Armée effective in the Empire?
It was professional, meritocratic, well-trained, and well-armed.
121
What enabled France to have a large army?
Conscription and France's large population.
122
How did Napoleon boost morale in his army?
Propaganda and mixing veterans with new recruits.
123
What were corps d’armée?
Independent units within the army, allowing flexible strategy.
124
What made Napoleon a strong military leader?
Preparation, charisma, tactical ability, and personal battle direction.
125
What weaknesses did France’s enemies have?
Traditional tactics, demoralization, and lack of unity.
