The Emergence & Spread of Terror Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What beliefs were shared between Jacobins and Girondins?
A
Jacobins and Girondins both supported a republican government and both supported the war, aiming for a French victory.
2
Q
What differences were there between Jacobin and Girondin support bases and beliefs on power distribution?
A
- Jacobins had a concentrated Parisian support base of Sans-Culottes whilst Girondins has a wide provincial support base.
- Jacobins believed in centralised control whilst Girondins favoured decentralised power
3
Q
What were the social repercussions within France of the external war?
A
The War had led to increasing inflation (to the detriment of the sans-culottes) and the outbreak of sporadic peasant rioting in rural France.
4
Q
When was the Armoire de Fer discovered?
A
20th November 1792
5
Q
During Louis’ trial, what was the role of the Convention?
A
Acted as both judge and jury during Louis’ trial despite dubious legality of this decision for the legislature to act as a court.
6
Q
What was the appel nominal? Who introduced it?
A
- The process by which deputies were forced to announce their vote publicly in order to increase accountability.
- Introduced by Marat.
7
Q
How many people voted against LXVI being guilty?
A
No one but some abstained
7
Q
When was Louis tried before the Convention?
A
15th - 17th January 1793
8
Q
What crimes was Marie Antoinette accused of and what was she convicted of?
A
- Incest, Only one she wasn’t convicted of
- Orgies
- Squandering government money
- Conspiracy against the state
- Sharing intelligence with the Enemy
9
Q
When were the expelled Girondin deputies put on trial and executed?
A
The expelled Girondin deputies were put on trial and executed in October 1793, with this result effectively a foregone conclusion.
10
Q
What methods were used to fulfil déchristianisation which was the official policy of the Paris Commune?
A
- Facilitated by removing or vandalising statues, crosses and religious ornaments.
- The figures on the Notre Dame were all executed.
11
Q
How many clerics lived in Paris before dechristianisation compared to after dechristianisation?
A
6,000 prior to dechristianisation but following the Terror there were only a few hundred.
12
Q
When was the Festival of Reason held?
A
November 1793
13
Q
What was the view of Robespierre on the religious policies of the Paris Commune? How did he preserve the previous practicing of religion?
A
- Believed it to be too radical as a policy and that faith would be a help in maintaining order.
- Persuaded the Convention to secure religious toleration.
14
Q
What did the Law of 14 Frimaire II determine?
A
Gave the CPS powers over local government, ministers, generals and representatives on mission, whilst it also closed down popular societies.
15
Q
How did the Law of 14 Frimaire II impact the Sans-Culottes?
A
- Diminished the influence of the Sans-Culottes as it prevented them from gathering politically and discussing politics.
- This reduced the hold of this group over the Jacobins.
15
Q
How had the CPS begun to split and become a weakened body by May 1794?
A
The CPS had become divided, with Robespierre, Couthon, and Saint-Just taking control, while both radicals and moderates in the group felt increasingly alienated.
16
Q
How many people were executed between March and June 1794?
A
Over 1,000
17
Q
Why were CGS members angered by the decisions of the CPS?
A
- Anti-clericals and atheists within the CGS were unhappy with Robespierre’s decision to overturn dechristianisation.
- The CGS hadn’t been consulted on the Law of 14 Frimaire II
- Powers had been infringed upon by the CPS.
18
Q
Why were Catholics dismayed by the policies of the CPS?
A
- Feared dechristianisation
- Feared the Cult of Supreme Being
19
Q
What happened at the Coup of Thermidor?
A
- Convention unanimously ordered Robespierre and associates were arrested
- Some National Guard units freed them
- They were recaptured and executed on the 28th July 1794
20
Q
How many men were in France’s military by 1794?
A
1 million
21
Q
What was Carnot and Saint-Just’s attitude towards traditional generals? What action did they take against them?
A
- Didn’t trust the aristocratic generals associated with the Ancien Regime
- Replaced them with younger, non-noble generals who were committed to the revolution.
- These noble generals were often executed.
22
Q
Who are 2 examples of generals introduced to the war effort by Carnot and Saint-Just following the removal of aristocratic generals?
A
- Hoche
- Jourdan
23
When was the Siege of Dunkirk?
August 1793 - September 1793
24
When did Lyons surrender, Republicans win at Cholet, and recapture Marseilles?
October 1793
25
How did the balance of power change in the Convention following the Girondin expulsion of June 1793?
- Balance of power was heavily weighted towards the Montagnards
- Leads to Robespierre and Jacobins dominating Government.
26
In what 2 ways could the CPS assert its dominance over the Executive Council?
- CPS could suspend the orders of the Executive Council if it believed they acted contrary to the national interest
- Any CPS provision with support of 2/3 of members had to be carried out by the Executive Council.
27
How was the membership of the CPS supposed to operate?
The CPS‘ membership was supposed to change once a month, yet this did not happen.
28
Which individuals are examples of CPS members who became entrenched and increasingly powerful within its membership?
Robespierre, Saint-Just and Carnot became increasingly dominant within its membership, allowing them to overpower other groups within the Executive.
29
How was the Convention supposed to moderate the actions of the CPS? How did this process turn out in practice?
- Intended to report to the Convention weekly for scrutiny and accountability
- In practice this session accounted for the rubber-stamping of Executive decisions.
30
What did the Law of Suspects determine?
Determines that the definition of a suspect would be changed to allow people to be arrested on account of conduct, relationships, words or writings.
31
How did Danton attempt to justify the war based on land?
- Danton justified the war effort by proclaiming the old doctrine of the ‘natural frontiers’ forming France’s borders.
- This included the Alps, the Rhine and the Pyrenees.
32
In what month did Spain declare war on France and France annex the Republic of Mainz?
March 1793.
33
When did France declare war on Great Britain and the United Provinces?
February 1793
34
In what month/year did the Prussians take Verdun and the French win at the Battle of Valmy under Dumouriez?
The French won the Battle of Valmy but had Verdun taken by the Prussians in September 1792.
35
In what month/year did the French take Mainz and Frankfurt and the Prussians retreat from Verdun and Longwy?
October 1792
36
In what month/year were the French victorious at the Battle of Jemappes and take lands in the Austrian Netherlands?
November 1792
37
In what month/year did the Austrians begin to besiege the Republic of Mainz?
April 1793
38
In what month/year did the British begin to blockade French ports? What example is there of this?
The British began blocking French ports in June 1793, such as Toulon.
39
In what month/year did the French withdraw from the Republic of Mainz, leading to it collapsing?
July 1793
40
Where was the Vendée? Why was this ripe for anti-revolutionary action?
- Western France
- Largely rural, Catholic and strongly conservative.
- It also contained refractory priests.
41
When did the rising in the Vendée begin?
March 1793
41
What was the name used for the army which rose up in the Vendée? What actions did this army use to express their opposition to the Republic?
- The Catholic and Royal Army
- Used violence and guerilla warfare, as well as massacres of officials, juring priests and the national guard.
42
When did the Convention decree the destruction of the Vendée?
1 August 1793
43
The 100,000 soldiers sent by the Convention in September 1793 to supress the rising in the Vendée were only successful in what month?
December 1793
44
When did the Convention introduce the Committee of General Security? What was the purpose of this body?
- October 1792
- Intended to take responsibility for policing and the administration of justice. Had to report to the Convention (centralisation of power).
45
When was the Revolutionary Tribunal established? What were its roles and powers?
- March 1793
- Intended to try counter-revolutionaries.
- Made up of five judges, a prosecutor and jurymen.
46
When was a revolutionary law passed that allowed the execution of rebels bearing arms within 24 hours?
March 1793
47
When was the Committee of Public Safety (CPS) established? What was its purpose?
- 6 April 1793
- Responsible for the conduct of war, control of the army, control of supplies and application of revolutionary wars.
48
What did the Sans Culottes demand with regards to price of goods as the war deteriorated?
As the War effort deteriorated, the Sans-Culottes demanded price controls on basic goods.
49
By what percentage did food prices rise between 1791 and 1793?
90%
50
When was an indictment issued for the arrest of Marat? What actions of Marat motivated this?
- 12th April 1793
- Pressed for by the Girondins due to his attacks on Girondin political views.
51
When did the sans-culottes surround the National Convention demanding price controls on bread?
3rd May 1793
51
How many sans-culottes surrounded the National Convention demanding price controls on bread?
8,000
52
On what date were the Girondins expelled from the National Convention?
2nd June 1793
52
When did Robespierre pass a law allowing price controls on wheat and flour? What was this law known as?
- May 1793
- First Law of the General Maximum.
53
How many sans-culottes surrounded the National Convention, leading to the expulsion of the Girondins?
80-100,000 sans-culottes surrounded the Convention, forcing the Deputies to expel the Girondins.
54
What was the response of the départements to the expulsion of the Girondins from the Convention? What was this known as?
The départements responded to the Girondin expulsion by revolting against the Republic, with this known as the Federalist Revolt.
55
How many of the 83 départements protested against the Girondin expulsion? What examples are there of this?
- 60 of the 83 départements were involved in the Federalist Revolt against the expulsions, including areas such as Lyons, Toulon, Marseilles and Bordeaux.
56
How did the people of Toulon advance their anti-revolutionary sentiment beyond the actions of other areas in AUgust 1793?
Toulon merged their federalist revolt with royalist action, proclaiming Louis XVII as King of France. They also invited English and Spanish troops into the city.
57
When was Toulon retaken by the French from occupation? Who aided this retaking of the port?
- December 1793
- Napoleon Bonaparte
58
What issue was there with the Jacobin Constitution?
The Jacobin Constitution, although approved by a huge majority at its plebiscite, was never put into practice due to the wartime situation.
59
What was the levée en masse?
Ordered that all French people are on permanent requisition for the service of the army
60
When was the levée en masse?
23 August 1793
61
When did the rebels invite the British into Toulon?
August 1793
62
When are the Vendéen rebels defeated at the Mans?
December 1793
63
When was the execution of Marie Antoinette?
16 October 1793
64
How many well-trained armies were there by 1794?
14
65
Who proposed the levée en masse?
Bertand Barère
66
How many generals were executed in 1793?
17
67
What was Carnot and Saint-Just's role in the progress of war in 1793?
They were responsible for carrying out the legislation to gain more weapons and supplies
68
What did the murder of Marat mean for the revolution?
Caused Girondins to be disgruntled
69
What did the Convention establish on the 9th September 1793?
The armees revolutionnaires
70
When was the Law of Suspects passed?
17th September 1793
71
When was the New Law of General Maximum brought in?
29th September 1793
72
What did the Sans-Culottes demand of the Convention on the 5th September 1793?
Lower bread prices
73
What was the dominant force in France in the autumn of 1793?
The Committee of Public Safety (CPS)
74
How many victims of the Terror were there?
40,000 between 1792 and 1794
75
Between September and December 1793, how many cases did the Revolutionary Tribunal hear?
500,000
76
What percentage of executions between September - December 1793 were noble and from the Clergy?
- Nobility = 9%
- Clergy = 7%
77
When was Marie Antoinette tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal and when was she guillotined?
Tried on the 14th Octber 1793 and guillotined on the 16th October 1793
78
What was the number and breakdown of deaths in the Vendée?
- 7873 guillotined
- November 1793 – January 1794 2,000 executed in noyades.
79
When did the Paris Commune make dechristianisation an official policy?
October 1793
80
What was the Notre Dame Cathedral transformed into and what event did it hold?
- The Temple of Reason
- The Festival of Reason
81
When and what law made all authorities take orders from the CPS?
The Law of 14 Frimaire II
4th December 1793
82
Which two factions were trialled and executed in March and April 1794?
- Hébertists
- Indulgents
83
What was The Cult of the Supreme Being?
A series of festivals set up by Robespierre ( March 1794) to establish control over religious ceremonies and give people a deist not an atheistic inspiration.
84
What was the Law of 22 Prairial (10th June 1794)?
Simplified judicial process:
- Citizens had to denounce suspects
- Trials lasted no more than three days
- No witnesses or defense
- Only possible verdicts were acquittal or death.
85
What is the period of the Great Terror and how many death sentences were pronounced vs acquitted?
- 10th June 1794 – 26th July (8 Thermidor)
- 1284 death sentences & 278 acquitted
86
What percentage of the Great terror were noble, clergy and bourgeoisie?
- Nobles = 35%
- Clergy – 25%
- Bourgeoisie = 40%
87
Why did Robespierre’s popularity decline?
- CGS and CPS hostility
- Cult of Supreme Being
- Fears Robespierre was becoming a dictator
- Law of General Maximum
- Stopped attending the CPS in July
88
What Coup ended the end of the Terror and when was it?
The Coup of Thermidor
26th July – 28th July 1794
89
When was the republican calendar adopted?
22nd September 1792
90
When did France become a Republic?
22nd September 1792
91
What did the Girondins and Jacobins disagree about in the republic’s establishment and why?
Girondins- wanted to remove Louis but keep him as a figure head like in Britain
Jacobins- wanted to finally end the royalist issue by executing Louis
92
Sieyès, Danton and who else made up the constitutional committee? (2 people)
Condorcet and Thomas Paine
93
When did Dumouriez capture the Austrian- Netherlands?
6th November 1792
94
What did Robespierre say in regards to whether Louis should be executed?
‘Louis must die because the country must live’
95
What did the Edict of Fraternity promise?
Decreeing that all people who wish to recover their liberty would be offered assistance by the French.
96
What was seen as the damning evidence in Louis’ trial?
Armoire de fer
97
Where were Louis’ correspondence found?
Armoire de fer (iron wardrobe) in the Tuileries palace
98
When and where was Louis executed?
21st January 1793 at the Place de la Revolution
99
How many deputies voted him guilty?
693
100
Why was the manner of this vote controversial?
It was a vote by call so you had to publicly announce your decision (appel nominal)
101
How many voted for execution without condition?
361
102
What name did the revolutionaries give to the spot of Louis’ execution?
Place de La révolution
103
When was Louis and his family initially imprisoned in the Temple prison?
10th August 1792
104
When did Dumouriez defect to Austria?
April 1793
105
What did the enrages campaign against?
Anyone who profited from high food prices
106
When was the Edict of Fraternity issued?
19th November 1792
107
Where were Jacobin leaders forced out of office on 29 May 1793 in response to the Girondin expulsion?
Lyon
108
Name 3 decrees of the Jacobin constitution
- All adult males had right to vote
- Every man had the right to express himself through direct political action
- Everyone was entitled to public assistance
109
Why did the rising in the Vendee begin?
Levy for 300,000 men to support the war effort
110
Name three members of the First Coalition
- Austria, Piedmont-Sardinia, Prussia
- From 1793: Spain (until 1796), Portugal, the United Provinces, and Great Britain.
111
When was the Committee of General Security established?
October 1792
112
What did the sans-culottes do between 31 May and 2 June 1793?
Thousands of sans-culottes besieged the Convention demanding that the Girondins be expelled.
113
Why was Toulon important militarily?
A key naval base and housed 1/3 of France's available ships
114
How many arrived in Nantes on 6 September?
100, 000
115
When was the Committee of Public Safety set up?
April 1793
116
Which political club was weakened by the emergency measures?
Girondins
117
When did France declare war on Britain?
1 February 1793
118
How many men were sent to Vendee from the front by the Convention and when? (2 dates)
- 30,000 troops in May 1793
- 100,000 troops in September 1793
