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BIOL 336 > L16: Cardiovascular system I > Flashcards

L16: Cardiovascular system I Flashcards

1
Q

three principal components of circulatory system

A

blood, heart, blood vessels

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2
Q

cardio system function is impacted by

A

endocrine system, nervous system, kidneys

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3
Q

blood is made of

A

formed elements and plasma

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4
Q

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments

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5
Q

how do you separate blood components?

A

high speed centrifugation

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6
Q

% of plasma in blood

A

55%

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7
Q

blood constituents are moved through the body by

A

bulk flow

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8
Q

white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

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9
Q

function of leukocytes

A

immune response

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10
Q

cell fragments?

A

platelets

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11
Q

buffy coat?

A

leykocytes and platelets

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12
Q

hematocrit?

A

erythrocytes, 38-46%

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13
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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14
Q

cardiovascular system is composed of __

A

two circuits

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15
Q

both circuits originate and terminate ____

A

in the heart

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16
Q

inside the heart, blood flows ___

A

from atrium to the ventricle

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17
Q

blood ___ pass between either of the atria or ventricles

A

does not

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18
Q

deoxygenated blood moves __

A

from the right ventricle into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, gases are exchanged, and oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium

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19
Q

oxygenated blood moves ___

A

from the left ventricle into systemic circulation, through all organs, and deoxygenated returns to right atrium

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20
Q

blood vessels are divided into ___

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

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21
Q

arteries carry blood ___ the heart

A

away from

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22
Q

veins carry blood ___ the heart

A

to

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23
Q

how do liquids flow?

A

flow down pressure gradients from high pressure to low pressure

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24
Q

blood can flow only if __

A

one region develops higher pressure than other regions

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25
Q

what creates high pressure?

A

heart contraction

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26
Q

where is the highest pressure?

A

aorta

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27
Q

where is the lowest pressure?

A

venae cavae

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28
Q

why does the blood pressure go down?

A

friction between fluid and blood vessel walls

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29
Q

flow formula

A

F = deltaP/R

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30
Q

resistance of fluid depends on

A

radius of the tube, length of the tube, and viscosity of the fluid

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31
Q

Poiseuille’s Law:

A

R = 8Ln/pi*r^4

32
Q

the main variable in blood vessels

A

radius of a tube

33
Q

vasoconstriction

A

a decrease in blood vessel diameter that decreases blood flow through the vessel

34
Q

vasodilation

A

an increase in blood vessel diameter that increases blood flow through the vessel

35
Q

three main layers of the heart

A

outer pericardium, inner epicardium, and myocardium

36
Q

the narrow space between outer and inner layers is filed with

A

a watery fluid that serves as lubricant

37
Q

what layer is composed of cardiac muscle?

A

myocardium

38
Q

cardiac muscles

A

faintly striated, branched, mononucleated, connected by disks

39
Q

every cardiac muscle cell contracts __

A

with every beat of the heart

40
Q

what creates one-way flow through the heart?

A

AV valves

41
Q

atrioventricular AV valves

A

act as one-way valves permitting the flow of blood only from atria to the ventricles

42
Q

the left AV valve

A

has two flaps and is called the bicupsid valve

43
Q

the right AV valve

A

has three flaps and is called the tricupsid valve

44
Q

a muscular wall that separates the two ventricles

A

interventricular septum

45
Q

semi-lunar valves

A

permit blood to flow into the arteries during ventricular contraction but prevent blood from moving in the opposite direction during ventricular relaxation

46
Q

the opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery contains

A

pulmonary semi-lunar valve

47
Q

the opening of the left ventricle into the aorta contains

A

aortic semi-lunar valve

48
Q

how do heart valves act?

A

in a passive manner, they are open or closed depending upon the pressure differences across them

49
Q

during ventricular contraction,

A

AV valves remain closed , while semi-lunar valves are open

50
Q

during ventricular relaxation,

A

AV valves are open, but semi-lunar valves remain closed

51
Q

does the blood in chambers exchange nutrients or products with the myocardial cells?

A

NO

52
Q

myocardial cells receive their blood supply via

A

coronary arteries

53
Q

coronary arteries

A

branching network around myocardial cells from aorta including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

54
Q

most of the cardiac veins drain into

A

a coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium

55
Q

parasympathetic nervous system controls heart by

A

innervating cells of the atria using acetylcholine

56
Q

sympathetic nervous system control heart by

A

innervating the entire heart using norepinephrine

57
Q

what are the receptors for acetylcholine in the heart?

A

muscarinic receptors

58
Q

what are the receptors for norepinephrine in the heart?

A

mostly beta-adrenergic

59
Q

efficient pumping of blood requires

A

atria contract first, followed almost immediately by the ventricles

60
Q

the initial excitation of one cardiac cell to excitation of all cardiac cells is due to

A

gap junctions

61
Q

the initial depolarization arises from

A

the sinoatrial node (SA node)

62
Q

where is SA node located

A

right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava

63
Q

the action potential spreads

A

from the SA node throughout the atria and ventricles

64
Q

step 1 of heart excitation

A

atrial excitation begins due to depolarization of SA node

65
Q

step 2 of heart excitation

A

atrial excitation ends with rapid conduction of depolarization, right and left atria contract at the same time

66
Q

the link between atrial and ventricular depolarization

A

atrioventricular node (AV node)

67
Q

where is the AV node located?

A

the base of the right atrium

68
Q

sole electrical connection

A

a connection between atria and ventricles, formed by the AV node and the bundle of His (AV bundle)

69
Q

step 3 of heart excitation

A

ventricular excitation begins: slow propagation through the AV node

70
Q

depolarization of the AV node transmits action potentials

A

down the Bundle of His, to the bundle branches, to the Purkinji fibers, and finally to the ventricular myocardial cells

71
Q

step 4 of heart excitation

A

ventricular excitation complete: depolarization and contraction to begin earlier in the apex of the ventricles and then spread upwards

72
Q

the result of ventricular excitation upwards

A

a contraction that moved blood up toward the semi-lunar valves

73
Q

what does the delay in the propagation of action potentials through the AV node allow for?

A

a completion of atrial contraction

74
Q

pacemaker potential

A

slow depolarization due to both opening of Na+ channels and closing of K+ channels; the membrane potential is never a flat line

75
Q

depolarization

A

the action potential begins when the pacemaker potential reaches threshold; depolarization is due to Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ channels

76
Q

repolarization

A

Ca2+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening; this allow K+ efflux, which brings the membrane potential back to its negative voltage

BIOL 336 (20 decks)

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