Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 336 > L17: Cardiovascular System II > Flashcards

L17: Cardiovascular System II Flashcards

1
Q

different types of heart cells

A

express unique combination of ion channels and thus have different action potential shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

first depolarization

A

rapid depolarization due Na+ inflow when voltage-gated fast Na+ channels open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

then cells maintain depolarization

due

A

slow Ca2+ inflow when voltage-gated slow Ca2+ channels open and K+ inflow when some K+ channels open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

repolarization due to

A

closure of Ca2+ channels and K+ outflow when additional voltage-gated K+ channels open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

SA node cells are responsible for

A

autorhythmicity of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SA node cells do not have

A

steady resting potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SA node cells are able to

A

spontaneously generate their own action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SA node cells have unique channels

A

open when the membrane potential is at negative values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SA node unique channels are called

A

funny type channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

funny type channels

A

non-selective cation channels and conduct an inward, depolarizing Na+ current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ECG represents

A

the summed electrical activity of all cells recorded from the surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ECG is used

A

to evaluate the electrical events within the heart because salt solutions are good conductors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ECG gets

A

summed electrical activity generated by all cells of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ECG device measures

A

potential differences between selected electrodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

each electrode pair constitutes

A

one positive and one negative electrode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ECG has __ leads and is recorded using various combinations of the __ electrodes and another __ electrodes on the chest and trunk

A

12, 3 limb, 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lead 1

A

negative –attached to the right arm;

positive – attached to the left arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

three major waves on a normal ECG

A

the P wave, QRS complex, and the T wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the first wave __ corresponds to ___

A

P wave, depolarization on the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the next trio of waves ____ represents ____

A

QRS complex, the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the final wave __ represents ____

A

T wave, repolarization of the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

4 major questions when interpreting ECG

A
  • what is the heart rate?
  • is the rhythm of the heartbeat regular?
  • are all the waves present in recognizable form?
  • is there one QRS complex for each P wave? If yes, is the P-R segment constant in length?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

heart rate is timed

A

from the beginning of one P-wave to the beginning of the next P-wave

24
Q

normal resting heart-rate

A

60-100 beats per minute (bpm)

25
Q

trained athletes typically have ___ heart rates

A

lower

26
Q

tachycardia

A

faster-than-normal heart rate

27
Q

bradycardia

A

slower-than-normal heart rate

28
Q

arrhythmia results from

A

a benign extra beat or atrial fibrillation

29
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

rapid heart-beat that starts in the ventricles that can occur as a result of heart-attack

30
Q

if there are P waves without initiating a QRS complex

A

heart block, action potentials from the SA node can fail to be transmitted through the AV node to the ventricles

31
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction phase involving blood ejection from the heart

32
Q

diastole

A

ventricular relaxation involving blood injection into the heart

33
Q

systole is subdivided into 2 periods

A

isovolumetric ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection

34
Q

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

ventricles contracting but all valves are closed, no blood ejected, ventricular volume is constant, raising ventricular blood pressure

35
Q

ventricular ejection

A

semilunar valves are open, blood is forced into aorta and pulmonary artery, the blood volume ejected = the stroke volume (SV)

36
Q

diastole periods

A

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, ventricular filling

37
Q

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

A

valves are closed, volume is not changing

38
Q

ventricular filling

A

the AV valves are open and blood flows in from the atria, atrial contraction occurs at the end of diastole, 80% of filling occurs before atrial contraction

39
Q

left ventricular pressure changes

A

in mid-diastole, ventricular pressure remains low until atrial contraction;
in systole, a large increase in ventricular pressure;
in early diastole, ventricular pressure falls to near zero (relaxation), and then slowly creeps back by passively filling with blood

40
Q

aortic pressure changes in diastole

A

no blood enters the aorta, semilunar valve is closed, blood leaves the aorta downstream, causing a slow decline in aortic pressure

41
Q

diastolic pressure

A

minimal aortic pressure at the end of the diastole and decline

42
Q

aortic pressure in systole

A

the semilunar valve opens and the aortic pressure rises quickly, blood flows more quickly into the aorta then it moves out

43
Q

maximal aortic pressure

A

systolic pressure

44
Q

aortic pressure at the end of systole

A

the semilunar valve closes, which causes a transient increase in aortic pressure called the dicrotic notch

45
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected by the ventricle each beat

46
Q

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood in ventricle reached just before the start of ejection (at the end of diastole)

47
Q

end systolic volume (ESV)

A

volume of blood in ventricle following ejection (at the end of systole)

48
Q

left ventricular volume relationship formula

A

Stroke volume = End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

49
Q

heart sounds result from

A

turbulent blood flow generated by valve closing

50
Q

first heart sound

A

AV valves close simulataneously

51
Q

second heart sound

A

semilunar valves close simultaneously

52
Q

abnormal heart sounds

A

heart murmurs

53
Q

most causes of heart murmurs in adults

A

valve problems

54
Q

stenotic valve

A

stiff, narrowed valve that does not open completely (aortic stenosis)

55
Q

incompetent valve

A

blood flows backward through the insufficient valve and collides with blood moving forward creating a “swishing” murmur (aortic regurgitation)

BIOL 336 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions