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BIOL 336 > L1 & L2: Homeostasis & Cell Signaling > Flashcards

L1 & L2: Homeostasis & Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

major types of fluid

A

intracellular and extracellular

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2
Q

extracellular fluid is composed of __

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

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3
Q

extracellular fluid serves as

A

buffer zone between cells and outside environment

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4
Q

what’s the percentage composition of three types of fluids out of overall volume?

A

plasma 7%
interstitial fluid 26%
intracellular fluid 67%

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5
Q

what’s the percentage composition of plasma and interstitial fluid out of extracellular fluid?

A

plasma 1/4

interstitial 3/4

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6
Q

homeostasis

A

dynamic stability of the internal environment of the body

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7
Q

in homeostasis, when the internal environment of the system is changed, ___

A

the system eventually returns to the set point

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8
Q

reflex

A

biological control system linking stimulus with response to maintain homeostasis

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9
Q

reflex arcs can be regulated by __

A

negative feedback

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10
Q

____ reinforce a stimulus

A

positive feedback

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11
Q

is positive feedback homeostatic?

A

no

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12
Q

paracrine signals

A

signals that affect nearby cells

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13
Q

autocrine signals

A

generated by the same cells upon which they act

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14
Q

when the target is close, cell communicate using

A

paracrine and autocrine signals

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15
Q

when the target is distant, cells communicate using

A

endocrine and neuronal signals

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16
Q

signaling molecules may trigger

A

a change in electrical potential, metabolism, gene expression, cellular motility

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17
Q

signal transduction

A

process by which cell converts one kind of signal into another

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18
Q

second messengers

A

molecules that direct, relay, and amplify signals

19
Q

two classes of extracellular signal molecules

A

ones that go directly into the cell (small and hydrophobic), and ones that bind to surface receptors (hydrophilic)

20
Q

what cells release NO?

A

endothelial cells

21
Q

what enzyme does NO signal activate?

A

gyanylyl cyclase

22
Q

where is gyanylyl cyclase located?

A

smooth muscle cell

23
Q

what does gyanylyl cyclase synthesize?

A

cGMP

24
Q

how does viagra affect the pathway?

A

by inhibiting PDE that normally breaks down cGMP, prolonging the NO signal and penile erection

25
Q

do steroid hormones require cell surface receptors?

A

no, they easily diffuse into the cell

26
Q

what are three major classes of cell surface receptors?

A

G-protein linked, ion-channel linked, enzyme linked

27
Q

inactive G-proteins

A

are bound by GDP at the alpha subunit

28
Q

binding of the G-protein to receptor triggers ___

A

the exchange of GDP with GTP by the alpha subunit, activating the G protein

29
Q

what enzyme does GS activate?

A

adenylyl cyclase

30
Q

what enzyme does GQ activate?

A

phospholipase C

31
Q

what process does adenylyl cyclase catalyze?

A

cAMP formation

32
Q

what does cAMP activate?

A

protein kinase A

33
Q

what enzyme is involved in the degradation of cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase

34
Q

what is one of the physiological actions of caffeine?

A

PDE inhibitor

35
Q

a rise in intracellular cAMP can ___

A

activate gene transcription

36
Q

second messengers involved in GQ pathway

A

PIP2, IP3, and DAG

37
Q

what protein is activated in EGFR pathway?

A

Ras protein

38
Q

Ras activates __

A

MAP-kinase cascade

39
Q

enzyme-linked receptors have __

A

intracellular enzymatic domains

40
Q

largest class of enzyme-linked receptors

A

receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

41
Q

activated RTKs cause

A

the assembly of an intracellular signaling complex

42
Q

what is Ras?

A

monomeric G-protein involved in EGFR pathway

43
Q

enzyme-linked receptors have __

A

intracellular enzymatic domains

BIOL 336 (20 decks)

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