L2 - Time for Change (Time,Change)

Question 1

retrospect

Answer 1

/ˈret.rəʊ.spekt/
in retrospect
thinking back to a time in the past, especially with the advantage of knowing more now than you did then
–　In retrospect, I wonder if we should have done more.
When you consider something in retrospect, you think about it afterwards, and often have a different opinion about it from the one that you had at the time.
In retrospect, I wish that I had thought about alternative courses of action…
In retrospect, and with the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that this was a bad decision.

{/ˈhaɪnd.saɪt/ Hindsight is the ability to understand and realize something about an event after it has happened, although you did not understand or realize it at the time.}

Question 2

contemporary

Answer 2

existing or happening now:
contemporary music/literature/art/fashion
Although it was written hundreds of years ago, it still has a contemporary (= modern) feel to it.

Question 3

bygone

Answer 3

/ˈbaɪ.gɒn/
appening or existing a long time ago:
a bygone age / era
The book recalls other memories of a bygone age.
...bygone generations.
گذشته، کهنه، قدیمی

Question 4

immediate

Answer 4

an immediate reaction / response * to take immediate action * RAM stores information for immediate access.
2 [usually before noun] existing now and needing urgent attention:
Our immediate concern is to help the families of those who died. * The effects of global warming, while not immediate, are potentially catastrophic. * The hospital says she’s out of immediate danger. * The report focuses on some of the more immediate problems facing us.

Question 5

preceding

Answer 5

formal happening or coming before the time, place, or part mentioned
income tax paid in preceding years

Question 6

current

Answer 6

of the present time:

Have you seen the current issue of (= the most recently published) Vogue magazine?

Question 7

topical

Answer 7

connected with sth that is happening or of interest at the present time:
a topical joke / reference * topical crimes / events
topicality noun [U, sing.]:

Question 8

status quo

Answer 8

status quo
noun
[sing.] (from Latin) the situation as it is now, or as it was before a recent change:
to defend / restore the status quo * conservatives who want to maintain the status quo.
There will always be people who resist change and want to maintain the status quo.
وضع موجود،وضع کنونى

Question 9

enormous

Answer 9

extremely large
SYN HUGE, IMMENSE:
an enormous house / dog * an enormous amount of time / money / information * enormous interest / pressure / responsibility * The problems facing the President are enormous.

extremely or very much:
She worked enormously hard on the project.
The show was enormously popular.

Question 10

modest

Answer 10

not very large, expensive, important, etc:
modest improvements / reforms * He charged a relatively modest fee. * a modest little house * The research was carried out on a modest scale.

Question 11

immense

Answer 11

extremely large or great
SYN ENORMOUS:
There is still an immense amount of work to be done. * The benefits are immense. * a project of immense importance * To my immense relief, he didn’t notice my mistake.

Question 12

gradual

Answer 12

a gradual increase
happening slowly over a long period; not sudden:
a gradual change in the climate * Recovery from the disease is very gradual.
A gradual change or process occurs in small stages over a long period of time, rather than suddenly.
Losing weight is a slow, gradual process…
You can expect her progress at school to be gradual rather than brilliant.

Question 13

profound

Answer 13

very great; felt or experienced very strongly:
profound changes in the earth’s climate * My father’s death had a profound effect on us all. * The news came as a profound shock. * The report has profound implications for schools. * Her sense of disappointment was profound.

Question 14

extraordinary

Answer 14

unexpected, surprising or strange:
It’s extraordinary that he managed to sleep through the party. * What an extraordinary thing to say! * The president took the extraordinary step of apologizing publicly for his behaviour!

Question 15

sweeping

Answer 15

to move, especially quickly and powerfully:
Everyone looked up as she swept into the room.
The fire swept (= spread quickly) through the house.
The National Party swept into power (= easily won the election) with a majority of almost 200.

Question 16

minor

Answer 16

not very large, important or serious:
a minor road * minor injuries * to undergo minor surgery * youths imprisoned for minor offences * There may be some minor changes to the schedule. * Women played a relatively minor role in the organization.

Question 17

tremendous

Answer 17

very great:

a tremendous explosion * A tremendous amount of work has gone into the project.

Question 18

infinitesimal

Answer 18

extremely small:
/ˌɪn.fɪ.nɪˈtes.ɪ.məl/
adjective FORMAL
infinitesimal traces of poison * an infinitesimal risk
infinitesimally adverb
The amounts of radioactivity present were infinitesimal.

Question 19

moderate

Answer 19

that is neither very good, large, hot, etc. nor very bad, small, cold, etc:
students of moderate ability * Even moderate amounts of the drug can be fatal. * The team enjoyed only moderate success last season. * Cook over a moderate heat.

Question 20

drastic

Answer 20

/ˈdræs.tɪk/
extreme in a way that has a sudden, serious or violent effect on sth:
Many employees have had to take drastic cuts in pay.

Question 21

major

Answer 21

very large or important:
a major road * major international companies * to play a major role in sth * We have encountered major problems. * There were calls for major changes to the welfare system.
OPP MINOR

Question 22

smooth

Answer 22

completely flat and even, without any lumps, holes or rough areas:
a lotion to make your skin feel soft and smooth * The water was as smooth as glass. * a paint that gives a smooth, silky finish * Over the years, the stone steps had worn smooth.
OPP ROUGH.
A smooth liquid or mixture has been mixed well so that it has no lumps.
Continue whisking until the mixture looks smooth and creamy…

Question 23

turbulent

Answer 23

/ˈtɜː.bjʊ.lənts/
A turbulent time, place, or relationship is one in which there is a lot of change, confusion, and disorder.
They had been together for five or six turbulent years of rows and reconciliations…

Question 24

abrupt

Answer 24

/əˈbrʌpt/
adjective
describes something that is sudden and unexpected, and often unpleasant:
an abrupt change/movement
Our conversation came to an abrupt end when George burst into the room.
The road ended in an abrupt (= sudden and very steep) slope down to the sea.

Question 25

sudden

Answer 25

happening or done quickly and unexpectedly: a sudden change / decision * Don't make any sudden movements. * His death was very sudden. suddenness noun [U] IDIOMS all of a sudden quickly and unexpectedly: All of a sudden someone grabbed me around the neck.

Question 26

temporary

Answer 26

a temporary levelling out lasting or intended to last only for a short time; not permanent: temporary relief from pain * temporary work /

Question 27

They're under attack not only from erosion but also from looters.

Answer 27

erosion : the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the seaفرسايش looter : A looter is a person who steals things from shops or houses, for example during a war or riot.

Question 28

In some area we've found remnants of ancient villages buried beneath deep layers of sediment.

Answer 28

sediment: the solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid ته نشست، لای، رسوب

Question 29

Other area have yielded only small flecks of charcoal from prehistoric fires.

Answer 29

Flecks are small marks on a surface, or objects that look like small marks. His hair is dark grey with flecks of ginger. a hard black substance similar to coal which can be used as fuel or, in the form of sticks, as something to draw with: charcoal for the barbecue I prefer sketching in charcoal to pencil. a charcoal drawing

Question 30

Large Changes

Answer 30

``` Enormous Total change Dramatic ... Profound ... Extraordinary ... Sweeping ... Tremendous ... Drastic ... Major .... Huge .... ```

Question 31

Small Changes ::

Answer 31

``` Minute Change Modest ... Minor .... infinitesimal ... Moderate ... Slight ... ```

Question 32

Change Synonyms :

Answer 32

``` Transition Improvement transformation Movement reversal shift evolution ```

Question 33

reversal

Answer 33

a change of sth so that it is the opposite of what it was: | a complete / dramatic / sudden reversal of policy

Question 34

turbulent

Answer 34

A turbulent time, place, or relationship is one in which there is a lot of change, confusion, and disorder. They had been together for five or six turbulent years of rows and reconciliations...

Question 35

infinitesimal

Answer 35

/ˌɪn.fɪ.nɪˈtes.ɪ.məl/ adjective FORMAL extremely small: The amounts of radioactivity present were infinitesimal

Question 36

Everyone was grateful that there had been a very smooth transition between governments.

Answer 36

The stock market crash led to very abrupt/sudden/rapid reversal in fortunes for many people.

Question 37

The government is hoping that this is only a temporary shift in public opinion.

Answer 37

There was a gradual improvement in our sales figures from 1990 to 2010, and this helped bring about our transformation from a small local company to a global leader.

Question 38

This has been a turbulant period involving a great deal of struggle and hardship. But it is necessary part of our evolution.

Answer 38

We are slowly witnessing a gradual movement in favour of surveillance.