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BIOL 1191 > lab 14 minus obvious shit > Flashcards

lab 14 minus obvious shit Flashcards

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1
Q

circulating hormones

A

hormones that diffuse from ISF to nearby capillaries and are circulated in the blood

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2
Q

local hormones

A

hormones that act on nearby cells or the cell that secreted them

inactivated quicker that circulating hormones

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3
Q

in order for hormones to affect a cell:

A

the target cell must have receptors for the hormone, can be inside the cell or on the membrane

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4
Q

major endocrine structures (10)

A

pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
suprarenal
pineal
hypothalamus
pancreas
ovaries
testes
thymus

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5
Q

endocrine vs exocrine glands

A

endo - secrete products directly into blood stream

exo - secrete products into ducts

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6
Q

infuncibular stalk

A

connects hypothalamus and pituitary

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7
Q

sella turcica

A

feature on the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary

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8
Q

hypophyseal portal system function

A

carry hormones directly to anterior pituitary

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9
Q

number of hormones released by the anterior pituitary

A

7

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10
Q

what stimulates or inhibits release of anterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamic hormones

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11
Q

2 major hypothalamic hormones, and how they get to posterior pituiray

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

these hormones are packed in secretory vesicles and sent to posterior pituitary where they are stored

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12
Q

histology of pituitary gland (what you see on a slide)

A

lighter part - posterior pituitary
darker part - anterior

anterior - grainy appearance

pos - light pink and streaky

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13
Q

anterior pituitary hormones released (7)

A

growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
prolactin
adrenocorticotropic hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone

lots of stimulating hormones

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14
Q

growth hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anterior pituitary, goes to liver/bone/ muscle/cartilage, stimulates liver to release growth factors that promote growth in body tissues

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15
Q

thyroid sitmulating horone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anterior pituitary, thyroid, stimulates secretion of thhyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

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16
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anterior pituitary, ovaries/testes, in females it stimulates development of oocytes and estrogens and in males it stimulates testes to make sperm

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17
Q

lureinizing hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anteriro pituitary, ovaries/testes, stimulates secretion of estrogens/porgesterone/ovulation in females and testes ot make sperm in males

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18
Q

prolactin (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

Anterior pituitary, goes to glandular cells of mammary glands, promotes milk production

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19
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

anterior pituitary, goes to suprarenal cortex, stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

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20
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do

A

anterior pituitary, goes to brain, may influence brain activity and darken skin in large amounts

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21
Q

posterior pituitary hormones (2)

A

oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone

not produced here, just stored

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22
Q

oxytocin (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

posterior pituitary, goes to smooth muscle in uterus and mammary glands, stimulates contraction of these muscles during birth / milk ejection

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23
Q

antidiuretic hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do)

A

posterior pituitary, goes to kidneys/sweat glands/arterioles, decreases water loss via urine and sweat, increased BP by contricting arterioles

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24
Q

histology of thyroid gland (what youd see on a slide)

A

large oval sacs - fossicles
T thrombocytes form the walls of the fossicles (cuboidal cells)

between fossicles, there is cuboidal cells called C thrombocytes, located between fossicles

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25
parathyroid gland histology (what youd see on a slide)
dense mass of cuboidal cells with lost of capillaries dense principle and pale principle parathyroid cells cannot be seen on our slides
26
goiter
englarged thyroid gland, fossicles are 2-3x the size
27
thyroid gland hormones (2 from difference sources)
triiodothyronine/thyroxine calcitonin
28
triiodothyronine / thyroxine (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what cells release it)
thyroid gland, circulates, increases BMR and protien synthesis, released by T thrombocytes in the thyroid
29
calcitonin (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what cells release it)
thyroid gland, circulated, lowers calcium blood levels by inhibiting osteoclasts, released by C thrombocytes in thyroid
30
parathyroid hormones (1)
parthormone or parathyroid hormone
31
parathyroid hormone (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what cells release it)
parathyroid, circulates, increases blood Ca and Mg by increasing osteoclast bone resorption, released from dense principal/pale principal parathyroid cells
32
suprarenal cortex
outer part of the suprarenal glands formed by glandular epithelium
33
suprarenal medulla
inner part of the suprarenal glands formed by modified neurons (chromaffin cells)
34
suprarenal cortex zones (what do each of them secrete)
outermost - aldosterone intermediate - cortisol inner - dehydroepiandosterone
35
chromaffin cells
neurons that have no axons clustered around blood vessels
36
histology of suprarenal glands (what youd see on a slide)
in cortex - cells form strings medulla - large, lighter stained cells
37
suprarenal cortex hormones (3)
aldosterone cortisol dehydroepiandrosterone
38
aldosterone (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what hormone category does it belong to)
suprarenal cortex, circulates, increases Na and water in blood/decreases K, part of mineralocorticoids category
39
cortisol (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what hormone category does it belong to)
suprarenal cortex, circulates, increases protein breakdown/depresses immune response, belongs to glucocorticoids category
40
dehydroepiandrosterone (released by, where does it go, what does it do, what hormone category does it belong to)
suprarenal cortex, circulates, stimulates early growth of pubic hair and in females contributes to libido and estrogens, part of the androgens category
41
suprarenal medulla hormones (2)
NE and E
42
norepinephrine and epinephrine (released by, where does it go, what does it do)
suprarenal medulla, circulates, enhances effects of sympathetic NS during stress
43
pancreas location
in duodenum
44
pancreatic acini
exocrine darker purple stained pizza things
45
pancreatic islets
endocrine responsible for insulin and glucagon production lighter stained parts
46
histology of pancrease (what youd see in a slide)
mainly darker clusters (acini) few lighter clusters (islets)
47
pancreas hormones/substances produced (3)
digestive enzymes and buffers glucacon insulin
48
digestive enzymes and buffers (released by, where does it go, what does it do)
pacreatic acini, flows into digestive canal, helps with digestion
49
glucagon (released by, where does it go, what does it do)
alpha cells of pancreatic islets, into blood, raises blood glucose
50
insulin (released by, where does it go, what does it do)
beta cells of pancreatic islets, into blood, lowers blood glucose by coverting glucose to glycogen q
51
gonads
gamete producing organs of the reproductive system
52
two structures in ovary that produce hormones
corpus luteum and granulosa cells
53
ovary hromones
progesterone estrogen inhibin relaxin
54
testes hormones
inhibin testosterone
55
structures in teh testes that produce hormones
nurse cells (in seminiferous tubules) interstitial endocrine cells
56
histology of ovaries (what youd see in a slide)
many follicles can be seen looks pretty cosmic
57
follicle development (cycle)
primordial follicles - contain immature oocytes become primary follicles after FSH - now have cuboidal epi surrounding it called follicular cells granulosa cells - more mature primary follicles after FSH - layer of fluid between epi layers tertiary ovarian follicle - ruptures after LH surge
58
estrogens/progesterone (released by, cell released by, what does it do)
ovaries, granulosa cells/corpus luteum, regulates female reporduction cycle, prepares mammary glands, promotes developmetn of female sex organs
59
inhibin (released by, cell released by, what does it do)
ovaries and testes, granulosa cells and corpus luteum in females/ nurse cells in males, inhibited secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary
60
relaxin (released by, cell released by, what does it do)
ovaries, corpus lutuem, increased flexibility of pubic symphysis and helps dilate cervix during labor
61
testosterone (released by, cell released by, what does it do)
testes, interstitial endocrine cells, sitmualtes descent of testes before birth, regulates sprerm fucntion and developmetn of male sex features
62
pineal gland location
posterior part of epithalamus
63
pineal gland hormones (1)
melatonin
64
melatonin (released by, what does it do)
pineal gland, conributes to setting body clock, sleep wake cycle
65
thymus location
anterior to heart, in mediastinum
66
thhymus hromones (4)
thymosin thymic humoral factor thymic factor thymopoietin
67
histology of thymus (what youd seee in a aslide)
darker stained lobules seperated by pink CT very densly packed at high magnification
68
thymosin, thymic factor, thymic humoral factor, thymopoietin (released by, what does it do)
thymus, promote maturation of T cells
69
disorders of anterior pituitary
hypo and hyper secretion of hGH lead to pituitary dwarfism/giantism
70
disorders of posterior pituitary
hypo secretion of ADH leads to diabetes insipidus
71
disorders of thyroid gland (2)
hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism leads ot myxedema lack of iodine leads to goiter
72
disorders of pancreas
inability to produce insulin because immunce cells destory beta cells leads to diabetes mellitus
73
paracrine
when local hromones act on nearby cells
74
autocrine
when hormones act on the releasing cell
75
holocrine
whole cell is destroyed in secretion
76
apocrine
part of the cell breaks off to secrete products

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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