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BIOL 1191 > lecture 17 - urinary > Flashcards

lecture 17 - urinary Flashcards

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1
Q

example of symporter

A

Na/glucose symporter

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2
Q

example of antiporter

A

Na/ H antiporter

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3
Q

two types of Na transporters

A

Na symporters

Na antiporters

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4
Q

Na symporters function

A

help reabsorb substances from tubular filtrate (glucose, amino acids, lactic acid)

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5
Q

Na antiporters function

A

reabsorb Na and HCO3, and secrete H

maintain homeostasis of pH

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6
Q

concentration gradient of solutes causes

A

CG of solutes at the beginning of teh PCT causes solutes to diffuse to peritubular capillaries

this drives water reabsorption

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7
Q

urea and NH3 are filtered at ______ and secreted by _______

A

glomerulus, PCT

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8
Q

NH3 is

A

poisonous and quickly binds to H to form ammonium (NH4)

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9
Q

how is NH3 secreted through the apical membrane

A

through Na/H antiporters

NH3 subs for H

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10
Q

how much fluid has been reabsorbed by the time tubular fluid reaches the nephron loop

A

60-70%, and 99% of organic components and ions

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11
Q

after most of teh water has been reabsorbed by the PCT, the nephron loop will reabsorb how much of the water left + ions

A

50%, and 2/3 of remaining ions

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12
Q

osmolarity in PCT

A

constant with blood at ~ 300 mmHg

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13
Q

thin descending limb is permeable to:

what does this do

A

water, but not many solutes

this drives osmolarity up

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14
Q

osmolarity of thin descending loop

A

increases from 3-900

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15
Q

thick ascending limb is permeable to:

what does this cause

A

permeable to ions via symporters, impermable to water

this causes a drop in osmolarity

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16
Q

osmolarity of thick ascending limb

A

drops from 900-150 due to being impermeable to water, but ions can leave via symporters

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17
Q

reabsorption in the thick ascending limb

A

Na/K/Cl symporters are here (apical membrane)

after symporter brings 3 ions in:

Na = Na/K pump to get Na into blood
Cl = leak channel into blood
K = leak channel into tubular fluid

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18
Q

relative negativity from Cl in the thick ascending limb drives:

A

reabsorption of cations thru gap junctions

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19
Q

when the tubular fluid reaches teh DCT, there is

A

less vol and low solute conc

only 15-20% of initial filtrate vol reaches the DCT

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20
Q

these substances represent a significant portion of remaining solute in the tubular fluid in the DCT, why?

A

urea, other organic waste

because none of it is reabsorbed

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21
Q

how does reabsorption of Na and Cl continue in the DCT

A

Na/Cl symporters

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22
Q

major site where PTH stimulates reabsorption of Ca

A

DCT

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23
Q

reabsorption in early DCT (apical/basal membrane, PTH stimulation)

A

apical membrane
- Na/Cl symporters that absorb both of these into the tubular cells

basal
- Na/K pumps
- Cl leak channels
- absorbs into capillaries

PTH hormone
- stimulates Ca reabsorption

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24
Q

what % of solutes and water are removed form fluid that reaches teh end of teh DCT

A

90-95%

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25
what cells are located in late DCT and collecting ducts
principal cells and intercalated cells these cells make final adjustments to volume and osmolarity of fluid
26
principal cells fucntion
have ADH and aldosterone receptors increase water reabsorption (ADH) reabsorb Na / secrete K (Aldosterone)
27
intercalated cells function
pH regulator located in late DCT and collecting duct reabsorb HCO3/secrete H OR vice versa depending on the needed change reabsorb K as well
28
angiotensin 2 functions (3)
decreases GFR via vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole enhance reabsorption of Na/Cl/water in PCT vai stimulating Na/H antiporters stimulates aldosteroen release from adrenal cortex - aldosterone stimulates principal cells that increase Na/K pumps in collecting ducts - increase Na reabsorption/K secrtion - results in water reabsorption
29
anti diuretic hormone functions (3)
AKA vasopressin released by pos pituitary increases water permeability of principal cells in collecting duct - does this by stimulating insertion of aquaporin-2, a water channel increases facultative water reabsorption controls whether urine is dilute or concentrated - low ADH - dilute - high - concentrated
30
without ADH, apical surfaces of principal cells are
poorly permeable to water whihc leads to more urine vol
31
negative feedback loop for ADH
receptor: osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect increase in plasma osmolarity control centre: stimulate ADH release effectors: principal cells become more permeable to water and reabsorb response: plasma osmolarity decreases
32
Atrial natriuretic peptide is released when
large increasein blood vol stretches atrial cells
33
ANP functions
inhibit Na and water reabsorption in PCT and collecting duct to lower blood vol / BP suppresses secretion of aldosterone and ADH (water/"solutes that water follows" producing hormones) overall decreases blood vol and pressure by stimulating increases urine output and increases Na secretion in urine
34
when is dilute urine produced
in teh absence of ADH
35
when is concentrated urine produced
in the presence of ADH
36
dilute urine means
the body is normally hydrated
37
concentrated urine means
body is dehydrated or large amounts of fluid are lost
38
ADH regulation requires what is this driven by/
an osmotic gradient driven by - difference in solute/water pemeability and reabsorption in sections of tubule - urea recycling - counter current flow of fluid thru tubule
39
types of counter current mechanisms
countercurrent multiplication counter current exchange
40
countercurrent multiplication
involved juxtaemdullary nephrons (due to long loop) osmotic gradient generated in ISF ( in medulla) thru Na/Ca/water movement in nephron loop increases concentration in medulla this osmotic gradient is essential to production of concentrated urine when ADH is present
41
how to test kidney function (3)
urinalysis - measure characteristics of urine blood tests - blood urea nitrogen test measures urea in blood renal plasma clearance - measure speed of how fast substance is removed form blood
42
how is the kidney capable of compensation (2)
nephrons can increase in size and workload removal of one kidney causes enlargement of the other, and total kidney functions remains at 80%
43
at what % is kidney dysfunction evidnet
under 25%
44
how does piss get thru the ureters (3)
peristaltic contractions hydrostatic pressure gravity
45
ureter wall histology - mucosa
- urothelium - lamina propria with elastic fibres - has mucus to prevent cells from getting piss on them
46
ureter wall layers
mucosa muscular layer adventitia
47
ureter wall histology - muscular layer
opposite of GI tract - inner longitudinal and outer circular - peristalsis
48
ureter wall histology - adventitia
loose CT anchors ureters in place contains lymphatic and blood vessels
49
location of urinary bladder in males/females
male - anterior to ass hole female - anterior to vag, inferior to uterus
50
avg urinary bladder capacity
7-800 ml
51
trigone
smooth flat triagular area in flood of bladder
52
internal uretral orifice
entrance to urethra
53
layers of urinary bladder
mucosa muscularis (detrusor muscle) adventitia serosa
54
urinary bladder mucosa
deepest - covered in mucus - urothelium and lamin propria - has mucosal folds called rugae to bladder can expand
55
urinary bladder muscularis (detrusor muscle)
three layer of smooth muscel - inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer long - internal urethral sphincter - circular fibres near urethra opening - external urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle
56
urinary bladder adventitia
outermost layer - areolar CT on posterior and inferior surfaces - covers the parts without serosa
57
urinary bladder serosa
covers superior surface visceral peritoneum
58
urethra length in males/female
female - 4cm male - 15-20 cm
59
female urethra path
posterior to pubic symphysis, orifice between clitoris and vag
60
male urethra pathway/regions
tube pass thru prostate and penis contains regions - prostatic, membranous, spongy
61
histology of urethra
urothelium to non K strat sq, ahs lamina propria with elastic fibres and circular smooth muscle
62
micturition
pissing
63
micturition reflex
filling of urinary bladder causes sensation of fullness that triggers desire to urinate before reflex occurs sensed by stretch receptors, activated at 2-400mls impulses are sent to sacral spinal cord (s2/3) to trigger the reflex parasympathetic fibres ause detrusor muscle to contract and internal sphincter to relax. inhibition of somatic motor neurons cause external one to relax cerebral cortex can initiate urination of delay for a limited time
64

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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