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BIOL 1191 > lecture 18 - fluids/electrolytes n shit > Flashcards

lecture 18 - fluids/electrolytes n shit Flashcards

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1
Q

body fluid definition

A

fluid produced by body and is made up of water and dissolved solutes

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2
Q

what needs regulating in terms of body fluids to maintain homeostasis

A

volume
distrubution
concentration and pH

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3
Q

% of fluid in adults

A

55-60%

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4
Q

where is body fluid present? (2)

A

inside cells (2/3)
outside cells (1/3)
- 80% ISF, 20% blood plasma

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5
Q

only two places for exchange between fluid compartments

A

plasma membranes of cells

blood vessel walls

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6
Q

fluid balance definition

A

whenr required amounts of water and solute are present and in correct porportions in body compartments

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7
Q

what main organ maintains fluid balance

A

kidneys

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8
Q

processes that allow exchange of water and solutes between body fluid compartments

A

filtration, reabsorption, diffusion, osmosis

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9
Q

how can the body gain water

A

ingestion

metabolic synthesis (cellular respiration)

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10
Q

water loss should also =

A

water gain in the body

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11
Q

how can the body lose water

A

urine
sweat
lungs via water vapour
feces elimination

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12
Q

regulation of body water gain

A

regulated mainly by the bodies intake of water

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13
Q

if water loss > water gain, what happens

A

dehydration

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13
Q

what happens during dehydration (4)

A

osmoreceptors detect increased blood osmolarity

atrial volume receptors detect decreased blood volume

baroreceptors in blood vessels detect decreased blood pressure
(this will trigger the RAA pathway)

neurons in the mouth detect dryness

all of these factors will stimulates the hypothalamus thirst center, which attempts to drive water intake to decrease blood osmolarity, and increase vol and pressure

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14
Q

regulation of water loss in the body

A

mainly regulated by urine

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15
Q

why does loss of NaCl determine body fluid volume

A

because water follows solute by osmosis

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16
Q

which hormone mainly regulates water loss

A

ADH

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17
Q

what 3 hormones regulated renal excretion of sodium and chloride

A

aldosterone, angiotensin 2, ANP

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18
Q

what happens when water is lost in the body (4)

A

increased blood osmolarity stimulates osmoreceptors

decreased blood vol stimulates atrial receptors

decreased BP stimulates baroreceptors in vessels

other factor such as pain stress or nausea as well can lead to this:

all of these lead to increased ADH production which causes cells in DCT and collecting duct to be more water permeable, increasing water reabsorption

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19
Q

RAA pathway

A

decreased BP stimulates kidneys to release renin

renin converts angiotensin from the liver to angiotensin 1

angiontensin 1 is converted to ag2 in teh lungs by angiotensin converting enzyme

stimulates aldosterone production which increases reabsorption of Na and secretion of K in the DCT and collecting duct

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20
Q

angiotensin 2 function

A

increase Na reabsorption in PCT

stimulate aldosterone production

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21
Q

aldosterone function

A

increase Na reabsorption and K secretion in DCT/collecting duct

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22
Q

ANP function

A

decrease Na reabsorption in PCT and collecting duct resulting in increase Na and water excretion to lower BP

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23
Q

natriuresis

A

increase Na excretion in urine

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24
diuresis
increased water excretion in urine
25
hypertonic ECF
if teh ECF increases in osmolarity, fluid will leave the ISF and cells with shrink
26
hypotonic ECF
is ECF decreases in osmolarity, fluid will move into ISF and cells with swell
27
what happens in teh ECF and ICF after eating a salty meal
cells may crenate
28
what happens in the ECF and ICF after drinking a lot of water
cells may lyse
29
water intoxication is caused when
water consumption is faster thatn kidneys can excrete it or ADH secretion is too high
30
hyponatremia
the lowering of Na concentration in plasma and interstitial fluid
31
water intoxication causes:
water ot move into cells via osmosis becuase osmolarity of ECF falls. causes cells to swell and burst can lead to seizures or comas is neuronal cells are effected treated by saline solution
32
pathway of a typical situation of water intoxication
excessive blood loss, sweating, vomiting, etc leads to hyponatremia of extracellular fluid (ISF and plasma) decreased osmolarity of ECF osmosis of water form ECF into ICF water intoxication (cells swell) mental confusion, seizures, coma, possibel death
33
4 main purposes of electrolytes in the body
control osmosis of water maintain acid base balance required for normal cellular activites carry electrical current allowing for action potentials and secretion of hormones and NTs cofactors required for optimal activities of some enzymes
34
Na is mainly present in:
plasma and ISF (ECFs) not much in ICF
35
K is mainly present in:
ICF not much in ECFs
36
mg is present mainly in:
ICF (not a lot but mainly found here) very low in ECFs
37
Cl is mainly found:
in ECFs (plasma/ISF) low in ICF
38
major ions in ECF are (2)
Na and Cl
39
major ions in ICF are(2)
K and HPO4
40
what does blood plasma contain a lot of that ISF contains little of
protein anions
41
most abundant extracellular ion that accounts for most of the osmolarity of the ECF
sodium
42
why is it importatn that sodium is abundant in the ECF
critical for action potentials
43
edema
abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid could be due to renal failure (cant excrete Na) or hyperaldosteronism (too much Na reabsorption)
44
hypovolemia
low blood volume could be due to inadequate secretion of aldosterone or excessive intake of diuretics
45
second major extracellular ion
chloride
46
chloride function in the body (2)
regulate electrical balance across red blood cell membranes plays a role in forming HCI in stomach
47
regulation of Cl in the blood
processes that regulate reabsorption o fNa in kidneys indirectly regulate reabsorption of Cl due to na/cl symporters mostly regulated by aldosterone indirectly
48
most abundant cation in intracellular fluid
potassium
49
K function in the body (3)
helps establish resting membrane potential and repolarizes nerve and muscle tissues helps maintain amount of intracellular fluid helps regualte pH (transported in exchagne for H)
50
how is K regualted in the body
mainly thru aldosterone by Na/K pumps this decreases K as it is secreted by the pumps
51
abmornal K levels can affect
cardiac and neuromuscular function - can be fatal called blood hyperkalemia
52
bicarbinate (HCO3) is present in;
mainly ECF plasma
53
Bicarbinate function
plasma acid base buffer system (major role)
54
main regulator of HCO3 levels (how)
kidneys form more HCO if blood levels are too low and excrete excess in urine if too high
55
calcium is mainly found:
in ECF most abundant mineral in the body
56
functions of Ca (2)
stuctural component of bones and teeth important role in clotting, NT release, muscel tone and function, and enzyme activity
57
regulation of Ca in the blood (2) (what hormones?)
parathyroid hormone - osteoclast stimulation - calcitriol production - increase Ca reabsorption calcitonin - inhibits osteoclasts
58
phosphate in the body
85% exists as calcium phosphate in adults 15% ionized (HPO4,PO4, H2PO)
59
phostphate functions (2)
present in bones/teeth, phospholipids, ATP, protein, carbs, DNA, RNA HPO4 acts as a buffer of H in body fluids and urine
60
phosphate regulation
plasma levels are regulated by PTH and calcitriol PTH - stimulate reabsorption of bone which releases phosphate calcitriol - increases GI absorption of phosphate
61
Mg is mainly found
in ICF
62
Mg functions in the body (3)
important part of bones activated several enzymes in carb/protein metabolism important in neuromuscular activity, neural transmission within CNS, and myocardial function
63
how is Mg regulated in the body
kidneys excrete Mg into urine
64
overall acid base balance of the body is maintained by controlling what?
the H concentration of body fluids (expecially ECF)
65
homeostasis of H concentration is vital to
cellular function
66
normal plasma pH
7.35-7.45
67
3 major mechanism that regulate pH
buffer systems in body fluids exhalation of CO2 kidney excretion of H
68
non volatile acids are a product of
metabolic reactions these acids must be eliminated - only way is by kidney excretion other than carbonic acid
69
method of pH regulation - kidney excretion
slowest excreted non volatile acids only way to eliminate acids other than carbonic acid - important role played by intercalated cells in collecting duct and tubular cells in PCT
70
kidney regulation of pH
kidneys have Na/H antiporters as well as H pumps which secrete H ions into filtrate syntehsize new HCO3 and reabsorp filtered HCO3 to keep levels up overall - low pH = excrete H - high pH = excrete HCO3
71
what cells secrete HCO3 in teh kidneys
tubular cells in PCT and Intercalated cells in collecting duct
72
acidosis
blood pH below 7.35
73
alkalosis
blood pH above 7.45
74
respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are
disorders of Pco2 in systemic arterial bloodm
75
metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are
disorders of bicarbonate concentration in systemic arterila blood
76
respiratory vs metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
respiratory - disorder of Pco2 metabolic - disorders of bicarbonate concentration
77
compensation refers to
physiological response to an acid base imbalance that attempts to normalize pH
78
respiratory compensation
hyperventilation or hypoventilation to correct pH due to metabolic imbalance
79
renal compensation
changes in secretion or reabsorption of H and HCO3 due to respiratory imbalance
80
respiratory compenstation can correct altered blood pH due to
metabolic causes
81
renal compensation can correct blood pH changes due to
respiratory causes
82
respiratory acidosis
cause is elevation of Pco2 above 45mmHg due ot lack of removal of CO2 form blood, decreasing pH
83
possible causes of respiratory acidosis
emphysema, pulmonary edema, brain injury to respiratory centres, airway blockage
84
how does renal compensation fix respiratory acidosis
by increasing secretion of H and reabsorption of HCO3 to increase blood pH
85
treatment of respiratory acidosis
ventilation therapy to increase exhalation of CO2 IV administration of bicarbonate
86
metabolic acidosis
when arterial HCO3 concentration is too low, decreasing pH
87
causes of metabolic acidosis
excessive loss of HCO via kidney dysfunction accumulation of acid kidney failing to remove H ions
88
how does respiratory compensation fix metabolic acidosis
hyperventilation this gets rid of CO2 to increase blood pH
89
metabolic alkalosis
arterial HCO3 conc too high, increasing blood pH
90
possible causes of metabolic alkalosis
vomiting (loss of HCl) gastric suctioning excessive intake of alkaline drugs
91
how does respiratory compensation fix metabolic alkalosis
hypoventilation
92
treatment for metabolic alkalosis
fluid and electrolyte therapy
93
RIch MDs acronym
RIch MDs respiratory = inversely proportional metabolic = directly
94
metabolic acidosis characteristic on table
directly proportional low pH low HCO3 overproduction/ingestion of H+
95
respiratory acidosis characteristic on table
inversely proportional low pH high HCO3 hypoventilation - inhibition of respiratory centre - airway obstruction - gas exchange disorder
96
metabolic alkalosis characteristic on table
directly proportional high pH hihg HCO3 loss of H, gain of HCO3
97
respiratory alkalosis characteristic on table
inversely proportional high pH low HCO3 hyperventilation - stimulation of respiratory centre - mechanical ventilation
98

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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