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BIOL 1191 > lecture 15 - digestion > Flashcards

lecture 15 - digestion Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

serosa of the stomach forms:

A

part of the peritoneum

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2
Q

what promotes peristaltic movements

A

enteric reflexes

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3
Q

distention of the duodenum inhibits

A

gastric motility

this reduces teh rate of chyme expulsion from stomach

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4
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

prevents too much chyme from entering SI

rate of HCL is reduced and chyme digestion is increased

involved sympathetic motor impulses to inhibit gastric motility

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5
Q

all blood leaves liver in the

A

hepatic vein

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6
Q

functions of the small intestine

A

digestion adn abdorption of nutrients

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7
Q

length of SI

A

6.5m 2.5cm in diameter

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8
Q

3 sections of SI

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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9
Q

digestion and absorption is facilitated by

A

large SA of the SI

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10
Q

circular folds of the SI

A

cannot strethc like rugae of stomach

folds of the mucosa and submucosa

increases SA, causes chyme to spiral

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11
Q

intestinal villi of the SI

A

finger like projections of the mucosas circular folds

lamina propria contains capillaries for them

covered in simple columnar epi

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12
Q

microvilli of the SI

A

finger like projections of the intestinal villis absorptive cells

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13
Q

mucosa of the SI

A

simple columnar epi

contains muscularis mucosae

has goblet cells and absorptive cells

contains enteroendocrine cells like
- S cells - secretin
- CCK cells - cholecsystokinin
- K cells - glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide

has paneth cells that secrete lysozyme and are phagocytic

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14
Q

what cells of the SI’s mucosa secrete lysozyme

A

paneth cells

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15
Q

lamina propria of the ileum contains:

A

mucosa assocaited lymphoid tissue (MALT)

  • immune function
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16
Q

submucosa of duodenum contains:

A

duodenal glands that secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize gastric juices

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17
Q

muscular layer of the SI layers

A

outer longitudinal
inner circular

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18
Q

serosa of the SI forms:

A

part of the visceral peritoneum

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19
Q

intestinal juice

A

alkaline substance made of water, mucus, and bicarbonate

functions to provide liquid medium to aid in absorption

contains enzymes for digestion

pH = 6-7.4

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20
Q

carb digesting enzymes in intestinal juice

A

maltase, lactase, sucrase

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21
Q

protein digesting enzymes in intestinal juice

A

dipeptidase, aminopeptidase

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22
Q

nucleic acid digesting enzymes in intestinal juice

A

phosphatase, nucleosidases

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23
Q

what does the enterogastric reflex do (3)

A

stops too much chyme from entering SI

limits intestineal damage from acid

increases digestion time of chyme in stomach

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24
Q

segmentation

A

major movement type in SI

NO net movement of chyme

localized contraction in areas containing chyme ot mix and absorb

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25
migrating motility complex
peristaltic movement stimulated by decreased distension occurs after msot nutrient are absrobed propels undigested onward
26
two movement types regulated by the myenteric plexus of the SI
segmentation migrating motility complex
27
chyme entering teh SI contains:
partially digested carbs/ fats/proteins/nucleic acids
28
complete chemical digestion requires: (4)
pancreatic juice bile intestinal juice microvillous border enzymes
29
overview of digestion of carbs in the body
salivary amylase in mouth breaks down polysaccharides to disacharides and oligosaccharides (glycogen/starch/etc) pancreatic amylase in duodenum breaks down glycogen and starch to smaller oligosaccharides microvillous border enzymes like maltase, sucrase, and lactase act on oligosaccharides ot produce monosaccharides like glucose and fructose
30
lactose intolerance is caused by
no lactase enzyme this causes lactose to not be broken down, which allows bacteria to ferment the sugars, causing gas and diarrhea
31
overview of protein digestion
HCI in stomach denatures proteins, which pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds digestive enzymes like trypsin from the pancreas split peptide bonds to create shorter peptide chains microvillous border enzymes like dipeptidase break down peptides to single amino acids
32
overview of digestion of lipids
lingual lipase in the mouth breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides lingual and gastric lipase continue digestion of triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides in the stomach bile emulsifies triglyceride globules in the SI. here, pancreatic lipase splits triglycerides into fatty acids more short and long chain fatty acids +monoglycerides are then absorbed
33
most lipid digestion occurs;
in the SI this is due to pancreatic lipase, and bile
34
microvillous enzymes breakdown everything excpet:
triglycerides (lipids)
35
bile salts are (relation to water)
amphipathic
36
overview of nucleic acid digestion
pancreatic juice contains - ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease which digest their counterparts nucleotides are further digested by microvillous border enzymes like nucleosidases and phophatases that digest nucleotides into pentose sugars, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases
37
carbs are absorbed as
monosaccharides
38
proteins are abrsorbed as
amino acids
39
absorptive epithelia cells role
control absorption
40
how is glucose and galactose absorbed
via secondary active transport with Na
41
how is fructose abso
via facilitated diffusion
41
how are amino acids absorbed
via active transport
42
how are di and tri peptides absorbed
via secondary active transport
43
how are short chain fatty acids absrobed
via simple diffusion
44
micelles
shrot chain fatty acids coated in bile salts
45
once in absorptive cells, what do fatty acid chains do?
recombine to triglycerides and together with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, they form chylomicrons
46
chylomicrons (what are thye, where do they go)
absorbed fatty acids that have been recombined exit intestinal cells via exocytosis into. lymphatic capillaries
47
where do chylomicrons travel
in lympahtic system
48
enterohepatic circulation
bile salt is secreted by hepatocytes, released in duodenum, reabsorbed by the ileum, and resecreted into bile
49
absorption of Na
via diffusion and secondary active transport
50
absorption of water by SI and LI
SI - 8L LI - 90% of the last L absorption is by osmosis
51
alcohol absorption
metabolized in stomach byb alchohol dehydrogenase absorbed in stomach and small I metabolized in liver
52
large intestine functions
completion of absorption of water/ions/vitamins formation of feces
53
3 sections of LI
cecum, colon, rectum
54
LI length
1.5m 6.5cm wide
55
mucosa of the LI
has no villi or folds intestinal glands are lined with simple columnar epi lamina propria contains lympahtic nodules contains muscularis mucosae
56
large intestine cells in mucosa
absorptive cells - for water gobelt cells - mucus secretion
57
LI submucosa made of
areolar CT
58
muscular layer of LI
contains external longitudial and inner circular muscle layers
59
teniae coli
formed by thickened portions of longitudinal muscle in the LI
60
haustra
folds that give teh LI a pouch like appearance caused by contractions
61
cecum
bottom of the opening to LI
62
gastroileal reflex
intensified peristalsis in ileum immerdiately after a meal trigger when stomach distended migrating motility complex intensifies and chym is forced into the LI
63
haustral churning
when chyme is mixed and porpelled in the LI ileocecal valve is closed
64
gastrocolic reflex
initiated. by food entering stomach increased colon motility
65
mass peristalsis
strong peristaltic waves that push contents of LI to rectum
66
what enzymes are secreted in the LI
none
67
bacterial fermentation in the LI
undigested carbs = release of hydrogen, CO2, and methane gas breakdown of undigested protein to amino acids, breakdown of amino acids to things like hydrogen sulphide breakdown of bilirubin that makes feces brown due to released pigments
68
what vitamins do bacteria produce that are absorbed in the colon
B and K
69
feces
dead epi cells, undigested food, and bacteria
70
defecation
elemination of feces from the recetum
71
defecation reflex is controlled by
the ANS mass peristalsis fills rectum, stretching of rectum walls triggers this reflex
72
how is defecation sensed
mechanoreceptors send impulse to cord, motor impulses from cord travl through PSNS nerves to rectum/anus. contraction of longitudinal muscle forces feces into anal canal relaxation of internal sphincter allows feces to more to external sphincter voluntary relaxation of external anal sphincter completes defecatio
73
diarrhea
increase in freq, vol, and fluid content of feces caused by increase motility of intestines, decreased absorption
74
constipation
infrequent of difficult defecation caused by decreased motility of intestines, and excessive water reabsorption treat with fibre, water, and exercise

BIOL 1191 (30 decks)

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