[LAB] Antigen-Antibody Reaction Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
THE VISIBLE MANIFESTATION OF AG-AB INTERACTION
A
AGGLUTINATION
2
Q
PROPERTIES AND RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF AG AND AB ALLOW SUFFICIENT
A
LATTICE FORMATION
3
Q
STABLE NETWORK FORMED BY THE BINDING OF AN ANTIBODY BINDING TO MORE THAN ONE ANTIGEN
A
LATTICE
4
Q
PARTICLES NEEDED TO VISIBLY INDICATE THAT AN AG AND AB REACTION HAS TAKEN PLACE
A
CARRIER PARTICLES
5
Q
TWO STEP PROCESS THAT RESULTS IN A STABLE LATTICE FORMATION
A
AGGLUTINATION
6
Q
EXAMPLE OF AN ARTIFICIAL CARRIER PARTICLE
A
LATEX PARTICLES
7
Q
EXAMPLE OF A BIOLOGICAL CARRIER PARTICLE
A
RED BLOOD CELLS
8
Q
BINDING SITE IN AGGLUTINATION
A
FAB FRAGMENT
9
Q
AG-AB COMBINATION THROUGH SINGLE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS ON THE PARTICLE SURFACE
A
SENSITIZATION
10
Q
IS SENSITIZATION A REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTION
A
YES
11
Q
IS THE AG-AB BINDING REACTION REVERSIBLE
A
YES
12
Q
LAW THAT GOVERNS AG-AB BINDING
A
LAW OF MASS
LAW OF MASS ORDER
13
Q
WHAT IS THE LAW OF MASS
A
FREE REACTANTS TARE IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH BOUND REACTANTS
14
Q
INITIAL FORCE OF ATTRACTION
A
AFFINITY
15
Q
TYPE OF BONDS THAT HOLD AG-AB TOGETHER
A
NONCOVALENT BONDS
16
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
THERE IS NO NEED FOR A CLOSE FIT BETEEN AG-AB
A
FALSE
17
Q
DOES THE STRENGTH OF ATTRACTION DEPEND ON THE SPECIFICITY OF AN AB FOR A PARTICULAR AG
A
YES
18
Q
THE REACTION OF AB WITH AG THAT ARE STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR TO THE ORIGINAL AG THAT INDUCED ITS AB PRODUCTION
A
CROSS REACTIVITY
19
Q
FUNCTIONAL COMBINING STRENGTH OF AN AB WITH ITS AG
A
AVIDITY
20
Q
THE SUM OF ALL THE ATTRACTIVE FORCES BETWEEN AN AG AND AB
A
AVIDITY
21
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
HIGH AVIDITY CANNOT COMPENSATE FOR LOW AFFINITY
A
FALSE
AVIDITY CAN COMPENSATE FOR LOW AFFINITY
22
Q
THE FORMATION OF CROSS LINKS THAT FORM THE VISIBLE AGGREGATES
A
LATTICE FORMATION
23
Q
THE STABILIZATION OF AG-AB COMPLEXES WITH THE BINDING OF MULTIPLE AG DETERMINANTS
A
LATTICE FORMATION
24
Q
FACTORS THAT AFFECT AGGLUTINATION
A
NATURE AND CLASS OF AB MOLECULES
AG-AB RATIO
PARTICLE CHARGE
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
NATURE OF THE AG-BEARING SURFACE
ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARTICLES
25
IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS MORE EFFICIENT AT AGGLUTINATION
IgM
26
WHY ARENT IgG ABs ABLE TO OVERCOME ELECTROSTATIC FORCES BETWEEN CELLS
BECAUSE THEY ARE TOO SMALL
COMPARED TO IGM WHICH ARE LARGER
27
PHENOMENON WHERE AB>AG
PROZONE PHENOMENON
28
PHENOMENON WHERE AG=AB
ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE
29
PHENOMENON WHERE AG>AB
POSTZONE PHENOMENON
30
NET NEGATIVE CHARGE
ZETA POTENTIAL
31
ZONE IN WHICH OPTIMUM PRECIPITATION OCCURS
ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE
32
FOR A PRECIPITATION REACTION TO BE DETECTABLE, THE REACTION MUST OCCUR WHERE
IN THE
ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE
33
PHENOMENON IN WHEREIN EXCESSIVE ANTIBODY CONCENTRATION IS PRESENT
PROZONE PHENOMENON
34
RESULT OF A PROZONE PHENOMENON
FALSE NEGATIVE
35
WHAT OCCURS IN A PROZONE PHENOMENON
AG COMBINES WITH ONLY ONE OR TWO AB MOLECULES
NO CROSS LINKS ARE FORMED
36
SOLUTION TO A PROZONE PHENOMENON
SERIAL DILUTION THE SERUM UNTIL OPTIMUM AMOUNTS OF AG AND AB ARE PRESENT
37
EXCESS OF ANTIGEN
POSTZONE PHENOMENON
38
PHENOMENON IN WHEREIN EXCESSIVE ANTIGEN CONCENTRATION IS PRESENT
POSTZONE PHENOMENON
39
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE POSTZONE PHENOMENON
EXCESS ANTIGEN IS PRESENT
NO LATTICE FORMATION IS ESTABLISHED
TOO MUCH AG CAN BLOCK THE PRESENCE OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF AB
40
SOLUTION TO A POSTZONE PHENOMENON
RECOLLECT BLOOD SPECIMEN 1 OR MORE WEEKS LATER
41
[REDUCTION OF ZETA POTENTIAL] ACTION OF
ENZYME PRETREATMENT OF RED BLOOD CELLS
REMOVES NEGATIVELY CHARGED SIALIC ACID RESIDUES FROM CELL SURFACE MEMBRANES
42
[REDUCTION OF ZETA POTENTIAL] ACTION OF
THE ADDITION OF COLLOIDS
INCREASES ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ENVIRONMENT
43
[REDUCTION OF ZETA POTENTIAL]
ACTION OF CENTRIFUGATION
MECHANICAL PROCESS TO FORE RED BLOOD CELLS CLOSER TOGETHER
44
THE REDUCTION OF ZETA POTENTIAL ENHANCES. WHAT
AGGLUTINATION
45
[PHYSICAL CONDITIONS FOR AGGLUTINATION]
OPTIMUM PH
NEAR PHYSIOLOGIC CONDITIONS
OPTIMUM PH OF 6.5 TO 7.5
46
WHAT IMMUNOGLOBULIN IS COLD REACTING
IGM
47
WHAT IMMUNOGLOBULIN IS WARM REACTING
IGG
48
INCUBATION TIME RANGE FOR AGGLUTINATION TO OCCUR
15 TO 60 MINUTES
49
THE DURATION OF INCUBATION REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM RESULTS DEPEND ON WHAT
THE RATE OF ASSOCIATION AND DISSOCIATION OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES
50
THIS OCCURS WHENEVER A CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF AN ANTIGENIC RECEPTOR SITE OT THE OUTSIDE SURFACE OCCURS
STERIC HINDRANCE
51
SLOWING OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS DUE TO STERIC BULK
STERIC HINDRANCE
52
ARE ANTIBODIES ABLE TO MAKE CONTACT WITH ANTIGENIC SITES EVEN IF THEY ARE SMALL AND/OR BURIED DEEPLY IN THE CELL MEMBRANE
NO
53
[BONDS]
ATTRACTION BETWEEN OPPOSITE CHARGES
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES
54
[BONDS]
HYDROGEN SHARED BETWEEN ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOMS
HYDROGEN BONDS
55
[BONDS]
FLUCTUATIONS IN ELECTRON CLOUDS AROUND MOLECULES OPPOSITELY POLARIZE NEIGHBORING ATOMS
VAN DER WAALS FORCES
56
[BONDS]
HYDROPHOBIC GROUPS INTERACT UNFAVORABLY WITH WATER AND TEND TO PACK TOGETHER TO EXCLUDE WATER MOLECULES
THE ATTRACTION ALSO INVOLVES VAN DER WAALS FORCES
HYDROPHOBIC FORCES
57
END RESULT OF ERYTHROCYTES IN AN AGGLUTINATION REACTION
RUPTURE OR HEMOLYSIS
58
[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
ONE SOLID CLUMP
4+
59
[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
SEVERAL LARGE CLUMPS
3+
60
[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
NUMEROUS SMALLER CLUMPS
2+
61
[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
BARELY DISCERNIBLE CLUMPS
1+
62
[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
SMOOTH SUSPENSION
NEGATIVE
63
[TUBE METHOD RESULTS]
COMPLETE AGGREGATES WITH A BACKGROUND OF UNAGGLUTINATED RBCS
MF
MIXED FIELD
64
[SLIDE METHOD RESULTS]
LARGE CLUMPS AND CLEAR BACKGROUND
STRONG AGGLUTINATION
65
[SLIDE METHOD RESULTS]
SMALL CLUMPS AND CLOUDY BACKGROUND
WEAK AGGLUTINATION
66
[SLIDE METHOD RESULTS]
EVEN SUSPENSION AND CLOUDY BACKGROUND
NEGATIVE
67
FALSE APPEARANCE OF CLUMPING
PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION
68
RARELY OCCURS DUE TO ROULEAUX FORMATION
PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION
69
APPEARANCE OF PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION
STACK OF COIN APPEARANCE
DUE T ROULEAUX FORMATION
70
SOLUTION TO FIX PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION
SALINE REPLACEMENT
71
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT OR REAGENTS CAUSING PARTICLES TO CLUMP
FALSE POSITIVE
USE CLEAN EQUIPMENT
USE NEGATIVE QC STEPS
72
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
AUTOAGGLUTINATION
FALSE POSITIVE
USE CONTROL WITH SALINE AND NO AB AS A NEGATIVE CONTROL
IF RESULT IS POSITIVE = PATIENT’S RESULT IS INVALID
73
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
DELAY IN READING SLIDE REACTIONS
DRYING OUT OF MIXTURE
FALSE POSITIVE
DRYING CAUSES FAKE CLUMPING
FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS
74
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
OVERCENTRIFUGATION
FALSE POSITIVE REACTIONS
Overcentrifugation causes particles to clump too tightly
CALIBRATE CENTRIFUGE
75
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
INADEQUATE WASHING OF RED BLOOD CELLS
FALSE NEGATIVE
Inadequate washing will result in unbound immunoglobulins
Reagent will become neutralized
WASH CELLS PROPERLY
USE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE QC STEPS
76
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
FAILURE TO ADD AHG REAGENT
FALSE NEGATIVE
USE POSITIVE QC STEPS
77
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
CONTAMINATED OR EXPIRED REAGENTS
USE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE QC STEPS
78
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
IMPROPER INCUBATION
FALSE NEGATIVE
FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS
USE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONTROL STEPS
79
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
UNDERCENTRIFUGATION
FALSE NEGATIVE
Molecules wont clump properly
CALIBRATE CENTRIFUGE
80
[STATE IF THE CAUSE WILL RESULT IN A FALSE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE RESULT]
[STATE THE CORRECTIVE ACTION]
PROZONE PHENOMENON
DILUTE PATIENT SERUM CONTAINING AB
REPEAT PROCEDURE
81
2 TYPES OF DIRECT IMMUNE AGGLUTINATION
HEMAGGLUTINATION
BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
82
DETECT ANTIGENS ON RBCS USING KNOWN ANTISERA
HEMAGGLUTINATION
EX: FORWARD TYPING
83
DETECT ANTIBODIES TO RBCS BY USING KNOWN ANTIGENS
HEMAGGLUTINATION
EX: REVERSE TYPING
84
DETECT BACTERIAL ANTIGENS USING KNOWN ANTISERA
BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
85
DETECT ANTIBODIES TO BACTERIA BY USING KNOWN WHOLE PATHOGENS
BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
86
UNIVERSAL BLOOD DONORS
TYPE O
Lacks both A and B antigens
87
IN DETERMINING THE PHENOTYPE FOR THE ABO BLOOD SYSTEM
A. O is dominant over A
B. B is dominant over A
C. O is recessive
D. All of the Above
C. O IS RECESSIVE
A and B are codominant over O
88
[BLOOD TYPING]
SAMPLE AGGLUTINATE WITH BOTH ANTI-A AND B
TYPE O
89
[BLOOD TYPING]
SERUM AGGLUTINATES WITH ANTI-A
TYPE B
90
[BLOOD TYPING]
SERUM AGGLUTINATES WITH ANTI-B
TYPE A
91
[BLOOD TYPING]
SERUM DOES NOT AGGLUTINATE WITH BOTH ANTI-A AND B
TYPE AB
92
BACTERIAL ANTIGENS OCCUR ON WHAT PART OF THE BACTERIA
CELL SURFACE
FLAGELLA
93
EXAMPLE OF BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION TEST USING WHOLE KNOWN PATHOGENS
WIDAL TEST
Detection of febrile agglutinins
94
2 TYPES OF DIRECT NONIMMUNE HEMAGGLUTINATION
VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION
HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION
95
REACTION THAT CAUSES THE CLUMPING OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN THE PRESENCE OF EVELOPED VIRUSES
VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION
96
USED TO TITRATE THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO A VIRAL INFECTION
HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION
97
INDICATOR CELLS IN HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION
RED BLOOD CELLS
98
PROCEDURE OF HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION
PATIENT’S SERUM + HEMAGGLUTINATING VIRAL ANTIGEN
EXPOSE TO RED CELLS
RESULT:
(+) NO HEMAGGLUTINATION
(-) YES HEMAGGLUTINATION
99
PRINCIPLE OF AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION
BASED ON COMPETITION BETWEEN PARTICULATE AND SOLUBLE ANTIGENS FOR LIMITED ANTIBODY COMBINING SITE
100
PROCEDURE OF AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION
REAGENT AB + PX SAMPLE
RESULT:
(+) Pxn Ag is present = NO AGGLUTINATION
(-) Pxn Ag is absent = YES AGGLUTINATION
101
THE SENSITIVITY OF THE AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION REACTION IS GOVERNED BY WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ANTIBODY
AVIDITY
102
REACTION WHERE THE AB DO NOT ATTACH TO ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS NATIVE TO THE CARRIER
BUT TO THE ANTIGENS ANCHORED TO THE CARRIERS
INDIRECT OR PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION
103
TYPES OF PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION
PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION
LATEX AGGLUTINATION
104
PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION IS USED TO TEST FOR
RUBELLA ABS
105
LATEX AGGLUTINATION IS USED FOR TESTING
RUBELLA ABS
106
LATEX PARTICLES COATED WITH AB IS REACTED WITH AG PRESENT IN PXN SAMPLE
REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION
107
USED TO MEASURE LEVELS OF CERTAIN THERAPEUTIC DRUGS, HORMONES, AND PLASMA PROTEINS
REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION
108
[PRINCIPLE IN ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION]
CENTRIFUGATION
OVERCOMES THE PROBLEM OF DISTANCE
HIGH GRAVITATIONAL FORCE COUNTERACTS THE REPULSIVE EFFECTS
PHYSICALLY FORCES THE CELLS TOGETHER
109
[PRINCIPLE IN ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION]
TREATMENT WITH PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
ZETA POTENTIAL IS ALTERED
REMOVE SURFACE SURFACE SIALIC ACID RESIDUES
NEGATIVE CHARGES ON THE CELL MEMBRANE ARE REMOVED
110
COMMONLY USED PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
BROMELIN
PAPIN
TRYPSIN
FICIN
111
[PRINCIPLE IN ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION]
ADDITION OF COLLOIDS
IGG AB WILL AGGLUTINATE IF THE ZETA POTENTIAL IS ADJUSTED
ADDITION OF COLLOIDS AND SALTS
112
[PRINCIPLE IN ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION]
ADDITION OF AHG
DETECTS INVIVO SENSITIZATION OF RBCS WITH IGG OR COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS
113
USED TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE OF A PARTICULAR AB IN A PATIENT
INDIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST
114
USED TO TYPE PATIENT RCS FOR SPECIFIC BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS
INDIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST
115
PROCESS OF INDIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST
WASHED RBCS AND AB ARE COMBINED AT 37C
CELLS ARE WASHED AGAIN TO REMOVE ANY UNBOUND AB
116
WAYS ON HOW TO CONTROL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
DECREASE BUFFER’S IONIC STRENTG
USE LOW IONIC STRENGTH SALINE
ADD ALBUMIN
Neutralizes the surface charge and allows RBCs to approach each other more closely
ADD DEXTRAN OR POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG)
Increase Viscosity
