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lab ii final Flashcards

1
Q

what does human karyotype mean

A

complete set of chromosomes are homologus - have the same size and genes.

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2
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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3
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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4
Q

What type of epithelium are the alveoli composed of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What adheres to the surface of the lung?

A

Visceral pleura

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6
Q

What is the most inferior cartilage of the lung?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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7
Q

What increases the surface area and air turbulence the most during breathing?

A

Nasal conchae

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8
Q

True or False: The epiglottic cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage.

A

False

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9
Q

What is the hollow space behind the nose called?

A

Nasal cavity

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10
Q

What is the throat referred to as?

A

Pharynx

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11
Q

What is the air passageway only part of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx

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12
Q

What part of the pharynx serves as an air and food passageway?

A

Oropharynx

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13
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Airway enlargement superior to the trachea

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14
Q

Describe Type I alveoli.

A

Squamous epithelial cells that form thin walls of alveoli allowing gas exchange

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15
Q

Describe Type II alveoli.

A

Cuboidal cells that produce surfactant reducing surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse

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16
Q

What are alveolar macrophages?

A

Immune cells that remove debris, pathogens, and dust from the alveolar space

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17
Q

What is surfactant?

A

A lipoprotein secreted by Type II alveolar cells that reduces surface tension in the alveoli

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18
Q

What type of epithelium does the respiratory epithelium have?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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19
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Serves as an airway connecting the larynx to the bronchi

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20
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Produce and secrete mucus which helps trap dust, microbes, and other particles

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21
Q

What is the function of mucus?

A

Traps foreign particles and pathogens preventing them from reaching the lungs

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22
Q

What does the ciliary motor do?

A

Moves in coordinated waves to push mucus and trap particles upward toward the throat

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory tubes opening into the nasopharynx?

A

To equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum

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24
Q

True or False: The auditory tubes opening into the nasopharynx can lead to clogged ears when you have a cold.

A

True

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25
Distinguish between the glottis and the epiglottis.
Glottis - opening between the vocal cords; Epiglottis - flap of cartilage above the glottis
26
Are the tracheal rings of the fetal pig complete or incomplete circles?
Incomplete circles
27
Compare the number of lobes in human lungs with fetal pig lungs.
Human lungs: 3 right, 2 left; Fetal pig: 4 right, 2 left
28
What major structures are located within the mediastinum?
* Heart and pericardium * Trachea * Esophagus * Great vessels (aorta, superior/inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins) * Thymus gland
29
What muscles increase the size of the thoracic cavity?
* Diaphragm * External intercostal muscles * Accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, pectoralis minor)
30
What is a spirometer?
An instrument to measure air volumes during breathing
31
What is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible?
Expiratory reserve volume
32
What is the estimated tidal volume?
500 ml
33
What is the normal resting breathing rate?
12-15 breaths per minute
34
True or False: The contraction of the diaphragm increases the size of the thoracic cavity.
True
35
True or False: Vital capacity is the total of tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
False
36
True or False: Vital capacities gradually decrease as a person continues to age.
True
37
What is breathing also called?
Pulmonary ventilation
38
When the diaphragm contracts, what happens to the size of the thoracic cavity?
Increases
39
What muscles raise the ribs to increase the size of the thoracic cavity?
External intercostals
40
What is the force responsible for normal resting expiration?
Elastic recoil
41
What muscles help force out more than normal volume of air?
Internal intercostal muscles
42
What muscles can force the diaphragm to ascend higher than normal?
Abdominal wall muscles
43
What happens to the diaphragm when we inhale?
Contracts
44
What happens to the diaphragm when we exhale?
Relaxes
45
What is the volume of air in addition to tidal volume that leaves the lungs during forced expiration?
Expiratory reserve volume
46
What is the total lung capacity?
Vital capacity plus residual volume
47
What is the volume of air that remains in lungs after the most forceful expiration?
Functional residual capacity
48
Does the small intestine have villi?
Yes
49
What is the major function of the oral cavity?
Mechanical and chemical digestion
50
Where is bile produced?
Liver
51
What is the exposed part of a tooth called?
Crown
52
What is the muscular valve at the exit of the stomach?
Pyloric sphincter
53
What allows the stomach to stretch to hold a large meal?
Gastric folds
54
What is the largest lobe of the liver?
Right lobe
55
What are the functions of the tongue?
* Eating and swallowing * Speech * Taste sensation
56
What are the two structures of the tongue and their functions?
* Taste papillae - increase surface area and contain taste buds
57
What are the two structures of the stomach and their functions?
* Longitudinal folds (rugae) - increase surface area and contain gastric pits * Gastric pits - secrete gastric juice
58
What is the function of the small intestine?
Absorb nutrients and water from digestion
59
What are villi?
Finger-like projections found in the small intestine that increase surface area
60
What is the function of the colon?
Remove water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food
61
What structure does the colon lack that the small intestine has?
Villi
62
Where are sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
63
Where is the ductus deferens located?
Within the spermatic cord
64
What do interstitial cells produce?
Testosterone
65
What is semen composed of?
* Sperm * Secretions from the prostate gland * Bulbourethral gland * Seminal vesicle
66
What is the common tube for the passage of urine and semen?
Urethra
67
What are the testes?
Paired organs suspended by spermatic cord within scrotum
68
What are seminiferous tubules?
Site of spermatogenesis, long, tiny coiled tubules
69
What is the inguinal canal?
Tubelike passageway between abdominopelvic cavity and scrotum
70
What does the spermatic cord contain?
* Ductus deferens * Blood vessels * Nerves * Lymphatic vessels
71
What is the epididymis?
Site of sperm maturation and storage
72
What does the ductus deferens do?
Transports and stores sperm
73
What is the ejaculatory duct?
Tube within prostate gland from ductus deferens to urethra
74
What do seminal vesicles produce?
Most of the seminal fluid
75
What does the prostate gland do?
Produces and secretes fluid/nutrients into sperm
76
What do bulbourethral glands do?
Neutralize any acidic urine secretions
77
What is the scrotum?
Protective covering of testes and epididymis
78
What is the penis?
Male copulatory organ
79
What are corpora cavernosa?
Paired erectile tissue that engorge with blood during an erection
80
What is the corpus spongiosum?
Engorges with blood during an erection
81
What is the tunica albuginea?
Fibrous capsule around testes and corpora erectile tissues
82
What is the glans penis?
Expanded distal end of the penis
83
What is the external urethral orifice?
External opening for urine and semen
84
What is the prepuce?
(foreskin) fold of skin around glans penis
85
Where does oogenesis originate?
Ovary
86
Where does early cleavage division occur?
Fallopian tubes (uterine tube or oviduct)
87
What are the milk-producing parts of the mammary glands?
Alveoli
88
How many openings are located on a human nipple?
15-20 on each lactiferous duct
89
True or False: The broad ligament is the largest ligament involved in holding female reproductive organs in position.
True
90
True or False: Primordial follicles are concentrated in the medulla region of an ovary.
False
91
what are the female chromosomes
xx
92
what are the male chromosomes
xy
93
what does homologus mean
same size and genes
94
the first 22 in men and women are homolgous . the 23 in male and female are different. x in women , y in male
95
mitosis
somatic cell division in which the chromosomes replicate once and the cytoplasm divides to produce 2 cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cells
96
what does diploid mean
(2n) ( 46 chromosomes) 2 pairs of homologus chromsomes . ( one from each parent )
97
what is meiosis
cell division that produces sex cells ( gametes) that are haploid . the chromosomes replicate once but the cytoplasm divides twice, producing 4 cells.
98
1 primary spermatocyte produces how many sperm cells
4 sperm cells
99
what are alleles
different versions of the same gene that exists at a specifc location on a chromsome. ( diffferent eye colors
100
what does acrosome and flagella do
acrosome is a specialized vesicle on the sperm head that contains enxymes that help the sperm penetrate the eggs outer coat during fertilization . the flagellum( the tail ) provides the sperm with motility allowing it to swim
101
what is the corona radiata
layer of cells around the ovum ( egg) protecting the egg
102
steps of fertilization
approach - sperm swims to egg penetration- sperm cells release acrosomal enxymes to crrode corna radiate attachemnt absorption - egg absorbs sperm nucleus fushion of nuclei - sperm and egg nucei fuse to from an embryo.
103
what does the mesoderm create
muscles and bone . reproductive . dermis . c
104
what is the mesoderm
middle germ layer
105
what does the endoderm create
the lining of the digestive and repsiratry trancts
106
embryonic cleavege
series of rapid cell divison , makes blastomeres
107
blastomere

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