Test 3 ap lect Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
list all the cranial nerves , names , functions and if they are sensory or motor or both
A
CN I- Olfactory
Function: Sensory: sense of smell
CN II-Optic
Function: Sensory, sense of vision
CN III-Oculomotor
Function: Motor, motor to eye muscles eye movement and pupil reflex
CN IV- Trochlear
Function: Motor, Movement of superior oblique eye muscle
CN V- Trigeminal
Function: Sensory and Motor, Face sensation and chewing
CN VI-Abducens
Function: Motor to one eye muscle (lateral rectus)
CN VII- Facial
Function: Motor, muscles to the face
CN VIII- Vestibulocochlear
Function: Sensory, sense of hearing and balance
CN IX- Glossopharyngeal,
Function: Sensory: sense of taste and motor: to pharyngeal muscles
CN X- Vagus
Function: Sensory and Motor of abdominal organs
CN XI- Accessory
Function: Motor to neck muscles
CN XII- Hypoglossal
Function: Motor to tongue muscles
2
Q
what is the flow of CSF
A
CSF produced by choroid plexuses (ependymal cells). CSF passes from the
lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramina into the third ventricle. CSF
flows from the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle.
CSF exits the fourth ventricle through the apertures (median and lateral) into the
subarachnoid space, CSF passes through the arachnoid granulations into the Dural
sinus.
3
Q
What is the difference between Wernicke’s and Broca’s area? What would be the
symptom if either area were impaired?
A
Wernicke’s area: sensory speech understanding what is written and spoken
language. Damage to Wernicke’s area result in language disorder making it hard for
you to understand and comprehend words. aphasia
Broca’s: Motor speech producing and articulating speech. Damage to Broca’s
impairs the ability to produce language. apraxia
4
Q
what brian wave occurs during the deepest stage of sleep
A
delta
5
Q
what type of brain wave pattern takes place during intense mental actiivty
A
theta
6
Q
which cells of the CNS secretes cerebrospinal fluid
A
ependymal
7
Q
what is the difference between oligendrocytes and schwann cells
A
Both oligendrocytes and Schwann cells are glial cells and make myelin.
Oligendrocytes is a glial cell of the CNS that can make myelin for many neurons.
Schwann is a glial cell of the PNS only capable of making myelin for one axon
8
Q
what are the glial cells of the CNS
A
Microglia- macrophages of the CNS
Ependymal- Line the brain ventricle and fort choroid plexuses that secrete CSF fluid,
these cells have cilia(hair) that move CSF along the cavities of the brain.
Astrocytes- Star shaped cells that regulate ECF of brain fluid by forming blood- brain
barrier to regulate what substances reach brain form blood.
Oligendrocytes- make myelin for many neurons.
9
Q
what type of memory is riding a bike
A
procedural memory
10
Q
encephalitis is
A
inflammation of the brain
11
Q
the medulla oblongata forms from the _ which makes up a part of the _
A
myelencephalon , hindbrain
12
Q
draw a membrane potential map and label it ,with all 5 stages and descriptions of stages. at what stage are sodium gates fully open ?
A
correct or not ?
13
Q
what fibers connect the left hemisphere to the right
A
commissural fibers
14
Q
what neuron contains two processes separated by the cell body
A
bipolar
15
Q
name the special senses
A
balance
16
Q
which of the following is NOT a branch of the brachial plexus ? axillary nerves , raidal nerve , obturator nerve , median nerves .
A
obturator nerve
17
Q
what phrenic nerve is loacted at the vertebral level
A
C3-C5
18
Q
what is the definition of a visceral sense and example of it
A
associated with internal organs , pressure
19
Q
nociceptors
A
extreme mechanical , chemical or thermal stimuli
20
Q
a neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger the result is
A
frequency of action potential increases
21
Q
Arrange the events of syntactic transmission in correct sequence.
(1) Na+ diCuses into the cell and causes an action potential.
(2) Neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell.
(3) Neurotransmitter diCusers across the synaptic cleft
(4) Action potential cause release of neurotransmitte
A
5, 3, 2, 4 ,1
22
Q
docortor villia wants to test a pateinets reflexes by briskly stricking the patellar tendon with reflex hammer. which reflex is dr. villia testing
A
knee-jerk reflex
23
Q
ian is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them . which reflex forced this action by ian to prevent tendon damage?
A
golgi-tendon reflex
24
Q
if an animal has had its cerebrum removed it cannot
A
see
25
A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms.what part of the brain is responsible
(1) Ability to maintain balance while walking.
(2) Normal intelligence
(3) Deceased tone of skeletal muscles
(4) Can initiate voluntary movements, although they are somewhat uncoordinated.
a) Midbrain
b) Brainstem
c) Cerebellum
d) Cerebral cortex
e) Basal gangli
cerebellum
26
Which of these is part of the lumbosacral plexus nerves?
a) gluteal nerve
b) pudendal nerve
c) iliolingual nerve
d) genitofemoral nerve
e) cutaneous nerve
f) all of the above
all of the above
27
Myria has noticed lately she doesn’t feel pain in her left arm. Which of the following
might explain his issue?
a) damage to the anterior spinocerebellar pathway
b) damage to the spinothalamic pathway
c) damage tectospinal pathway
damage to the spinothalamic pathway
28
Lesions of the limbic system might result in
a) decreased sexual activity
b) enhanced fear anger responses
c) loss of sensation
d)a voracious appetite
a voracious appetite
29
Which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when
repeating a word, you just heard?
a) Wernicke’s area
b) auditory association area
c) primary auditory area
d) primary motor area
e) Broca’s area
primary auditory area
30
In the ________________ period the neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus no
matter how strong stimulus
absolute
31
Spinocerebellar tracts
a) Terminate in the spinal cord.
b) Give rise to conscious perception.
c) around in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord
d) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum
carry proprioceptive imputs to the cerebellum
32
An inhibitory post syntactic potential (IPSP)…
a) Hyperpolarization
b) A change in sodium ion permeability
c) Opening of voltage-regulated channels
d) Repolarization
hyperpolarization
33
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges.
a) Arachnoid and epidural
b) Arachnoid and pia
c) Arachnoid and dura
d) Dura and epidural
arachnoid and pia
34
The conduction in a myelinated axon is ________________ than an unmyelinated
axon
faster
35
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system?
a) Release hormones into the blood stream to communicate with other cells in the
body.
b) Decode sensory information from the environment.
c) Integrate sensory information for decision making.
d) Generate direct, electrical signals.
release hormones into the blood stream to communicate with other cells in the body
36
Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperature on the
skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division
of neuron system?
a) Sensory(aCerent) division
b) Somatic nervous system
c) Sympathetic division
d) Parasympathetic
sensory (afferent) division
37
Which of the following is NOT a function of the ANS?
a) Innervation of cardiac muscle
b) Innervation of glands
c) innervation of smooth muscle
d) Innervation of skeletal muscle
innervation of skeletal muscle
38
At age 79, Mr. Gojo is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical
judgement, medical imaging technique showed that this has been most likely cause
by brain damage in the________________ lobe
frontal
39
What are the 5 steps of the reflex arc
1.receptor
2.sensory neuron
3. interneurons in the CNS
4. motor neuron
5. effector
40
In boxing it is illegal to hit in the back of the head, because it may cause vision loss,
what lobe is being impaired?
a) parietal lobe
b) occipital lobe
c)temporal lobe
d)insula
occipital lobe
41
What is the middle layer of the meninges?
arachnoid layer
42
cns
brain and spinal cord
43
pns
nerves , ganglia and receptors
44
how many pairs of cranial nerves
12
45
how many pairs of spinal nerves
31
46
ganglion
collection of neuron cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord
47
sensory
afferent ( coming towards) - transmits action potentials from receptors toward the CNS
48
motor
efferent ( going away) transmits action potentials from CNS to effectors ( muscles and glands)
49
descibe the 2 divisions of the pns
Somatic - voluntary system . from cns to skeletal muscle ; single neuron system
Autonomic nervous system : involuntary . from CNS to smooth muscle , cardiac muscle and certain glands. two neuron system
50
divisions of the ans ( automic nervous system)
subconscious and involuntary control .
sympathetic- fight or flight ( prepares body for physical activtity)
parasympathetic ( rest and digest( regulates resting fucntions such as digesting food or emptying of the urinary bladder ( rest and digest)
51
parts of a neuron
neuron cell body/soma - has the nucleus
dendrites - cell extension of body receive information from neurons
axons- arise from axon hillock ,
52
sensory
afferent- action potetinals toward cns
53
motor
efferent - action potentials away from cns
54
gray matter vs. white matter
gray mater- unmylientated
white mater- myelinated , faster potential
55
strucutral classifacation of neurons
multipolar - many dendrites one axon ( most of the neurons )
bipolar - one dendrite on axon
pseudo-unipolar- appears to have one axon and no dendrites
anaxonic neuron - multiple dendrites but no axon
56
astrocyte
glial cell of the cns
star shaped
regulate extracellular brain fluid
form blood brain barrier
release chemicals to promote developement of synapes
57
ependymal cells
glial cell of the cns
keep brain from pressing against skull
form chorid plexuses which secrete cerebrospinal fluid
58
microglia
glial cell of the cns
macrophages of cns
respond to inflammation , phagocytize necrotic tissue etc
59
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheath
a single cell can form myelin sheaths around portions of several axons because action potentials allow it to spread faster
60
name the glial cells of the cns
astrocytes , ependymal ,microglia , oligodendrocytes
61
name the glial cells of the pns
schwann , satelite
62
schwann cells
glial cells of the pns
wrap around one portion of the axon to form myelin sheath
can only do one portion at a time
63
satellite cells
surrond neuron cells body and autonomic ganglia
provide support , nutrietns and protxtion from heavy metal poisons
64
cns nerves are called
nuclei
65
pns cell bodies are called
ganglia
66
gated ion channels open in close because of what ?
when they open what happens?
open and close to stimuli
when they open they change the permeability of the cell membrane
67
sodium potassium pump
3 Na+ out of the cells while 2 K+ into the cell for each atp used
68
leak ion channels/nongated ion channels
always open .
specific to one type of ion
many leak ion channels for K+ and Cl- than for Na+
69
gated ion channels
open and close in response to specific stimuli
when they open it changes the permeability of the cell membrane
70
ligand gated
open or close in response to ligand such as neurotransmitter or hormone binding to recepotor protein , usually glycoproteins . ( acteylcholoine receptor on a Na+ channel , channel opens and Na+ enters the cell )
71
voltage gated channels
open and close in response to specific smalll voltage changes across the cell membrane . most are Na+ and K+ . in cardiac and smooth muscle CA2+ is more important . when the cell is stimulated the charge changes and it either opens or closes
72
resting membrane potential
exists in a unstimulated ( resting ) cell . ranges from -70 to -90 mv
intracellular and extracellular fluid are electricaly neutral
73
different ways to creating resting membrane potential explained
1. K+ higher inside cell , Na+ high outside cell
2.due to K+ leak channels , plasma membrane is 50-100 times more permeable to K+ than other ions
3. its more negative inside cell because K+ leaks out
74
depolarization
inside becomes more positive -70mV to 55 mV
gated sodium channel open making cell more posiitve
leaky K+ channels
75
hyperpolarization
inside of the cell becomes more negative
76
graded potentials
small change in the membrane potential
threshold is the minimum membrane potential needed to generate an action potential
happen in decremental fashion . ( can summate or add onto each other to reach threshold)
can result form ligands binding to receptors , changes across membranes etc )o
77
process of a graded potential
1. small volume of na + entering the cell body causes a slight depolarization ( more + )
2. as greater volumes of na + enter the cell body greater degrees of depolarization occur ( more +)
3. a stimulis is applied to a cell causing a small depolariization
4. when a second depolarizing stimulis is applied before the first disappears , the second sitmulis is added to the first to result in an even larger depolarization
78
all or non principle
no matter how strong the sitmulis , as long as it is greater than threshold then an action potential will occur
79
name characterisitcs of action potentials
graded potential reaches threshold
all or non
stimulus strength determines the frequency of action potentials
80
refractory period
sensitivity of area to further stimulation decreases for a time
absolute - complete insensittivity , no matter how large the stimulus a second action potential cannot be produced
relative - a stronger than threshold stimulus can initate another action potenital
81
a stronger stimulus will result in
greater frequency of action potentials
82
threshold graded currents at trigger zone causes
action potentials
83
continuous conduction
action pottenital at one site causes potential at the next location but it cannot go backwards
84
myelinated axons employ what kind of propagation
saltaory conduction
85
propagation in an unmyleinated axon explained
Resting state:
The neuron is "chilling" at rest. Inside is negatively charged, outside is positive.
Something triggers the neuron:
A stimulus causes the membrane at one spot to hit threshold. That spot quickly flips charge (inside goes positive) — this is depolarization.
Sodium (Na⁺) rushes in:
Channels open and sodium ions flood into that section. Boom — it’s now positively charged.
Local current:
The positive charge spreads a little to the neighboring area, triggering it to open its own sodium channels. Now that area depolarizes too.
This repeats over and over:
Like falling dominoes, each bit of the neuron gets activated one after the other in a smooth wave, down the whole axon.
Behind the wave:
After each section fires, it resets (repolarization and refractory period), so the signal only goes forward.
86
saltatory conduction explained
action potential at nodes of ranvier generates local current . the myelin sheath forces current to flow/jump to the next node of ranvier
voltage gates na channels are highly concentrated at the nodes of ranvier therefore the local current quickly flows to the next node that stimulates the voltage gated na channels to open . resulting in the production of an action potential
the action potential jumps from node to node increasing the speed of conduction
87
diameter of axons
large diamter conduct more rapidly than small diameter axons . large have more surface area and more voltage gated ions
88
nerve fiber types
A - large diameter , myleinated , move the fastest
B - medium diamter , lightly myelinated
C - small diamter , unmyleinated
89
synpase
site where action potentials in once cell cause action potentials in another cells
90
types of cells in synapse
presyanptic - cell that transmits signal toward the synapse
postsynaptic - target cell recieiving the signal
91
what are the two types of synapses
electrical and chemical
92
electrcial synapases
cell connected by jap junctions that llow graded current flow between adjacent cells
cardiac or smooth muscle
93
explain the process of electrical synapse
1. an action potential in one cell produces a local current as Na+ from one cell flow to the adjacent cell through jap junctions
2.the movement of Na+ generates an action potential in the adjacent cell .
this allows the cells to function as one .
94
chemical synapse
Action potential arrives cause calcium channels to enter
Calcium enter causing
Neurotransmitter to ne released ( like actycholine )
neurotransmitter diffuses across presynaptic terminal Cross synaptic cleft
Receptors triggered
New action potential starts
Neurotransmitters removed
95
removal of acetylocholine
act molecules are released from their receptors
acetylcholinesterase spilts act into choline and acetic acid which prevents act from again binding to receptors
choline is taken up by the presynaptic terminal and combines with acetyl- coA to reform acetelcholine .
other molecules are diffuse into extracellular fluid away from synaptic cleft
96
name if excitatory or inhibitatory
acetylcholine
cns - excitatory
ans - excit or inhib
neuromuscular junsction - ecit
97
name if excitatory or inhibitatory
serotonin
inhibitory
98
name if excitatory or inhibitatory
dopamine
excit or inhibit
99
norepinephrine name if excitatory or inhibitatory
excit
100
name if excitatory or inhibitatory
GABA
mostly inhibit
101
glycine name if excitatory or inhibitatory
inhibit
102
glutamate name if excitatory or inhibitatory
excitatory
103
name if excitatory or inhibitatory
adensosine
inhibit
104
substance P name if excitatory or inhibitatory
excitatory
105
endorphins name if excitatory or inhibitatory
inhibitory
106
nitric oxide name if excitatory or inhibitatory
exit
107
endocannabinoids
inhibitory
108
spatial summation
action poteitnals add up and cause production of graded potential . they summate at the trigger zone
109
temporal summation
two action potentials arrive close to summation . the first causes production of graded potential that does not reach threshold , but the second action potential causes a second graded potential that reahes threshold
110
spinal cord gives rise to how many pairs of spinal nerves
31
111
cervical enlargemnt
supplies upper limbs
112
lumber enlargemnt
supplies lower limbs
113
conus medullaris
tapered inferior end
114
segments of the spinal cord are
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
115
spinal cord extends from
forament magnu to second lumber vetebra
116
commissures
connections between left and right halves , these connections allow brain to talk
117
roots
spinal nerves arise as roolets then combine to form roots .
118
dorsal root ganglion
colections of cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons forming dorsal roots
119
dorsal root ganglion , anterior ( motor) horn vs. lateral horn
anterior - multipolar somatic motor neurons
lateral - autonomic neurons
120
pathway of a reflex
sensory receptor detects a stimulus generatign action potential - sensory neuron conducts action potentials through a nerve and dorsal root to the spinal cord - internueron synapses with the motor neuron - motor nueron axon conducts action potentials throguh thr ventral root and spinal nerve to an effecotr organ - effector organ
121
reflex
automatic response to a stimulus that occurs without consious thought
122
muscle spindle
specialized muscle cells that respond to stretch
123
sensory neurons role in stretch reflex
sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons of the spinal cord called alpha motor neurons which cause the muscle to contract
124
stretch reflex pathway
1. muscle spindle receptors within the muscle stretch , which activates the stretch reflex
2. axons of the sensory neurons extend tot he spinal cord
3. sensory nuerons synpase directly with alpha motor neurons
4. alpha motor neurons then stimulate the muscle in which the spindle is embedded
5. the same muscle that was stretched now contracts in repsonse to the action potential stimulated by the alpha motor neuron
6. gamma motor neurons contract the muscle spindles to allow them to detect further stretch
125
golgi tendon reflex
prevent excessive tension to tendons.
gogli tendon organ - sensory neurons - inhibitory internurons -inhibit alpha motor neurons - muscle relaxes
126
withdrawl reflex
remove a body limb or other part from painful stmimulis .
too hot or too hold , pain
127
descending tracts
from brain carry to tracts
128
endoneurium
surrounds individual neurons
129
perineurium
surronds axon groups to form fascicles
130
epineurium
surrounds the entire nerve
131
how many pairs of nerve per region
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
`
132
c1 to c4
cervical plexus
superfical neck , skin of neck , posteior head
phrenic nerve from c3 to c5 - innervates diaphgram
133
c5 to t1
brachial plexus
branches
axillaru , radial . musculocutaneous , ulnar , medial
smaller nerves like pectoral , long thoracic , subscapular
134
l1 to l4
lumbar plexus
135
l4 to s4
sacral plexus
136
s5
coccygeal plexus
137
four major divisons of the brain
brainstem , cerebellum , disencephalon , cerebrum
138
axillary nerve origin
posteior cord of brachial plexus
139
radial nerve origin
posterior cord of brachial plexus c5-t1
140
musculocateneous nerve origin
lateral cord of brachial plexus c5-c7
141
ulnar nerve origin
medial cord of brachial plexus c8-t1
142
median nerve origin
medial and lateral cords of brachial plexus c5-t1
143
what nerve can cause damage to the scapula
long thoracic
144
what does the brainstem contain
medulla oblogonta , pons , midbrain , reticular formation
145
brainstem
connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum
146
medulla oblongonta function
pathway for ascending and decending tracts. center for hr , breathing , swallowing , vomitting
147
pons
contains ascending and descending nere tracts , relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum , site of reflex centers
148
midbrian
contains ascending and descending nerve tracts , serves as visual reflex center , part of auditory pathway
149
cerebellum
controls muscle movement and tone , balance , intentional movement ,
150
diencephalon
connects the brainstem to the cerebrum , relay and homeostatic functions
151
thalamus
major sensory relay center , influences mood and movement
152
thalamus
contains tracts and nuclei
153
epithalamus
contains nuclei invovled in motivation and reward behavior and contain pinal gland
154
hypothalamus
major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine function
155
cerebrum
controls perception though , memory , emotion , and conscious motor activity
contains cerebral cortex, hippocampus , amygalda , basal nuclei
156
cerebral cortex
contain sensory motor and association areas
q
157
hippocampus
learning and memory
158
amygdala
invovled with soscial behavior and emotions
159
basal nuclei
controls muscle actiivity and posture , largely inhibits unintentional movement when at rest
160
how is the neural tube formed
nerual folds fuse to create a neural tube which gives rise tot he CNS
1. Neural plate forms
A flat sheet of cells, called the neural plate, appears on the back of the embryo.
Edges of the plate rise up
The sides of the neural plate lift to form neural folds, with a dip in the middle called the neural groove.
Neural folds move toward each other
The raised edges (folds) curl inward, getting closer to meet at the midline.
Neural folds fuse
The two folds fuse together, turning the flat plate into a closed neural tube.
Neural tube detaches
The neural tube separates from the surface layer of the embryo (which will become skin).
Neural tube develops into brain and spinal cord
The top (anterior) part becomes the brain
The bottom (posterior) part becomes the spinal cord
161
the forebrain becomes what
telencephalon - cerebrum
diencephalon -
162
the hindbrain becomes what
metancephlon - pons and cerebellum
myelencephalon - medulla oblongaata
163
what ventricle arrises from the forebrain
lateral ventricle , thired ventircle
164
what ventricle arrieses from the midbrain
cerebral aqueduct
165
what ventricle arrises from the hindbrain
fourth ventricle, central canal
166
csf does what
bathes brain and spinal cord and provides some nutrition
167
sensation
process initated by stimuli acting on sensory receptors
168
special senses are
smell , taste . vision , hearing , balance , occur in special sense organs
169
mechanoreceptors
compression bending , stretching of cells . touch , pressure , proprioception , hearing and balance
170
chemoreceptors
chemicals become attached to receptors on their membranes. smell and taste
171
thermoreceptors
resond to changes in tmeperatures
172
photoreceptors
respond to light
173
nociceptors
extreme mechanical , chemical or thermal stimuli . pain
174
cutaneous receptors
associated with skin
175
visceroreceptors
associated with organs
176
simple most common sensory receptor
free nerve ending , pain temp , movement
177
merkle ( tactile ) disks
flattened associated with epitheieal cells . light touch and pressure
178
hair follicle receptors
respond to slight bend in hairs
179
pacinin ( lamellated ) corpuscles
deep dermis or hypodermis , deep pressure and vibration
180
meissner ( tactile ) corpusucles
associated with the dermis. determines texture of items
181
two point discrimination
ability to detect stimulaneous stimulations at two points of the skin
182
ruffini end organ
primaritly in dermis of fingers , respond to continous touch or pressure
183
muscle spindles
provide information about length of muscle , involved in postural muscles and the stretch reflex
184
golgi tendon organs
proprioceptors associated with tendons , resond to increased tension on tendon
185
responses of sensory receptors
primary receptors - axons conduct action potentials , most are in this category
secondary response - cause release of neurotransmitters that bind to receptor
186
proprioceptors
provide information about precise posistion and the rate of movement of various body parts .
tonic - accomodate very slowly ( merkel disks and fuffini end organs )
phasic receptors - accomadate rapdily and are more sensitive to changes ( acinian and meissner corpuscles )
187
anterolateral system ; spinothalamic tract
conveys pain , temperature , light touch , pressure , tickle , itch .
three nueron system
188
three neuron system
primary ; from periphery to posterior horn of spinal cord
secondary ; cross to opposite side , enter spinothalamic tract , ascend to thalamus
teritary ; thalamus to somatic sensory cortex
189
dorsal column /medial lemniscal system
relays information needed for 2 point discrimination . ( tough , pressure , vibration )
this process does not " cross over" ( moving to the other side of the brain )
fasciculus gracilis - sensations from inferior to midthroacic level
fasciculus cuneatus - impluses from above midthorax
190
spinocerebellar tracts
carries proprioceptive information to cerebellum , most of which is unconscious
191
two components of pain pathways
rapidly conducted action potentials on large myelinated axons resulting in sharp localized cutting pain .
slowly propagated action potentials on smaller less mylenated axons resulting in diffuse buring or aching pain
192
analgesics
pain- relieving medicantions that act similar to gate control . supress spinothalamalmic action potentinal
193
referred pain
sensation in one region of body that is not source of stimulus
194
taste area
insula
195
olfactory cortexs
smell , infeior surface of temporal lobe
196
primary auditory cortex
hearing , superious part of temporal lobe
197
visual cortex
vision , occipital love
198
