patho exam 4 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What is a food bolus?
A
A mass of chewed food ready for swallowing.
2
Q
Define peristalsis.
A
Wavelike muscle contractions that propel food through the GI tract.
3
Q
What are the main functions of the mouth in the GI tract?
A
Ingestion and initial digestion.
4
Q
What is the primary role of the esophagus?
A
Transports food to the stomach.
5
Q
What is the function of the stomach?
A
Churns food with acid and enzymes.
6
Q
What is absorbed in the small intestine?
A
Nutrients.
7
Q
List the sections of the small intestine.
A
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
8
Q
What is the main function of the large intestine?
A
Water absorption and feces formation.
9
Q
What does the rectum do?
A
Stores feces.
10
Q
What is the role of the anus?
A
Excretion of feces.
11
Q
What does the liver produce?
A
Bile.
12
Q
What is the function of the gallbladder?
A
Stores bile.
13
Q
What does the pancreas secrete?
A
Enzymes and hormones.
14
Q
What is a primary cause of obesity?
A
Energy imbalance (more calories consumed than burned).
15
Q
Name the two types of obesity.
A
- men (apple-shaped)
- women (pear-shaped)
16
Q
List some prevention strategies for obesity.
A
- Balanced diet
- Regular exercise
- Reduced screen time
- Behavioral therapy
17
Q
How is BMI calculated?
A
BMI = weight in kilograms / (height in meters)^2
18
Q
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
A
Fear of obesity, self-imposed starvation, excessive exercise.
19
Q
Define Bulimia Nervosa.
A
Binge eating followed by purging (vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise).
20
Q
What is Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?
A
Recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food without compensatory behaviors.
2x a week for 6 months or more
21
Q
List causes of constipation.
A
- Immobility
- Low fiber diet
- Dehydration
- Medications
- Ignoring urge to defecate
- Characterized by small infrequent or difficult defecation more then 3 times a week .
drugs like opiods and antidepressants
slowing of peristalsis
22
Q
What is fecal impaction?
A
Hardened stool obstructing the rectum, often due to chronic constipation.
23
Q
What can cause obstruction in the GI tract?
A
- Hernia- bulging of organ
- Adhesions- scar tissue between organ and tissue
- Stricture- abnormal narrowing
- Tumor
- Volvulus- twisting
- Paralytic ileus- muscles in ileum cause blockage
24
Q
What are common causes of diarrhea?
A
- Infection
- Stress
- Malabsorption
- Endocrine disorders
- Food allergies
- Bowel disease
- Laxative abuse
or more loose liquid stools per day
25
What causes ulcer diseases?
* Mucosal damage due to gastric acid excess
* H. pylori infection
* NSAIDs
* Alcohol
* Smoking
* Stress
26
What are common symptoms of ulcers?
* Dyspepsia-discomfort in abdomen
* Pain
* Heartburn
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Hematemesis-vomit blood
* Weight loss
27
What causes C. difficile infection?
Clostridium difficile infection, often following antibiotic use.
28
List symptoms of C. difficile infection.
* Diarrhea
* Abdominal pain
* Fever
29
What are the main functions of the liver?
* Synthesizes glucose
* Synthesizes polypeptides
* Synthesizes clotting factors
* Degrades drugs and hormones
* Eliminates bile
* Converts protein to ammonia
* Converts fatty acids to ketones
30
What is cirrhosis?
Liver tissue replaced by scar tissue.
31
List causes of cirrhosis.
* Alcohol abuse
* Viral hepatitis
* Toxins
* Biliary obstruction
32
What is hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver.
33
What are common causes of hepatitis?
* Viral infections (A, B, C, D, E)
* Alcohol
* Drugs
34
What are symptoms of hepatitis?
* Jaundice
* Fatigue
* Abdominal pain
* Nausea
35
List symptoms of liver disease.
* Jaundice
* Ascites
* Edema
* Hepatic encephalopathy
* Variceal bleeding
36
What are the long-term outcomes of alcohol abuse?
* Cirrhosis
* Liver failure
* Hepatocellular carcinoma
37
What treatments are available for esophageal varices?
* Endoscopic banding
* Sclerotherapy
* Beta-blockers to reduce portal pressure
* TIPS procedure
38
What is cholelithiasis?
Presence of gallstones in the gallbladder.
39
How do high-fat diets influence gallbladder disease?
Increase cholesterol in bile.
40
What is H. Pylori?
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the stomach lining.
41
List causes of pancreatitis.
* Gallstones
* Alcohol abuse
* Hypertriglyceridemia
* Medications
42
What are common symptoms of pancreatitis?
* Severe abdominal pain
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Fever
* Elevated pancreatic enzymes
43
What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a condition in which stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus.
44
List symptoms of GERD.
* Heartburn
* Regurgitation
* Dysphagia
* Chronic cough
45
What are the types of laxatives?
* Bulk-forming- safest laxative - adds fiber and it absorbs water
* Osmotic- draw water from body
* Emollient- increase water and fat content in stool ( stool softeners)
46
How do stimulant laxatives work?
Increase intestinal contractions.
47
What does SIADH stand for?
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
48
What are symptoms of SIADH?
* Hyponatremia - low sodium
* Fluid retention
* Confusion
* Seizures
49
Differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary endocrine disorders.
* Primary: Dysfunction of the gland itself
* Secondary: Dysfunction of the pituitary gland
* Tertiary: Dysfunction of the hypothalamus
50
What does GH stand for?
Growth Hormone.
51
What is acromegaly?
Excess growth hormone in adults, causing enlarged hands, feet, and facial features.
52
What is the role of thyroid hormones?
Regulates metabolism.
53
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
* Fatigue
* Weight gain
* Constipation
* Dry skin
* Cold intolerance
54
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
* Weight loss
* Anxiety
* Rapid heartbeat
* Heat intolerance
55
What is Addison’s Disease?
Adrenal insufficiency, low cortisol and aldosterone.
56
List symptoms of Addison’s Disease.
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Low blood pressure
* Skin darkening
57
What is Cushing’s Syndrome?
Excess cortisol production.
58
List symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome.
* Weight gain
* Moon face
* Buffalo hump
* High blood pressure
* Hyperglycemia
59
What facilitates glucose uptake into cells?
Insulin.
60
How is excess glucose stored?
As glycogen in the liver and muscles.
61
What stimulates insulin release?
High blood glucose.
62
What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells, insulin deficiency.
63
List symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
* Polydipsia
* Polyuria
* Polyphagia
* Weight loss
64
What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
65
What are typical symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Often asymptomatic, increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue.
66
List complications of diabetes.
* Neuropathy- damage to neve
* Nephropathy- damage to kidney - lead to ESRD
* Retinopathy- damage to retina
* Cardiovascular disease
67
List male reproductive anatomy.
* Testes
* Epididymis
* Vas deferens
* Prostate gland
* Penis
68
List female reproductive anatomy.
* Ovaries
* Fallopian tubes
* Uterus
* Vagina
69
What is hypogonadism?
Deficiency in sex hormone production.
70
What are symptoms of hypogonadism?
* Delayed puberty
* Decreased libido
* Erectile dysfunction
* Infertility
71
Define phimosis.
Tightening of the foreskin.
72
What is paraphimosis?
Retracted foreskin that cannot be returned.
73
What is Peyronie’s Disease?
Curvature of the penis due to scar tissue.
74
List causes of erectile dysfunction (ED).
* Cardiovascular disease
* Diabetes
* Hypertension
* Neurological disorders
* Psychological factors
* Medications
75
What is priapism?
Prolonged and painful erection not associated with sexual stimulation.
76
What are common scrotal pathologies?
* Hydrocele - painless swelling of scrotum
* Varicocele - swollen veins in scrotum
* Epididymitis - inflammation of epididymis
* Orchitis- swelling of testicles
77
What is testicular torsion?
Twisting of the spermatic cord, cutting off blood supply to the testicle.
78
What is BPH?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement of the prostate gland.
79
What is prostatitis?
Inflammation of the prostate gland.
80
What is epididymitis?
Inflammation of the epididymis.
81
What is orchitis?
Inflammation of the testicle.
82
List types of birth control.
* Hormonal methods (pills, patches, rings, injections, implants)
* Barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps)
* Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
* Sterilization (vasectomy, tubal ligation)
83
List symptoms of menopause.
* Hot flashes
* Menstrual changes
* Vaginal dryness
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes
* Osteoporosis
84
What causes cervical cancer?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
85
List signs and symptoms of cervical cancer.
* Abnormal vaginal bleeding
* Pelvic pain
* Unusual vaginal discharge
86
What is PID?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Infection of the female reproductive organs.
87
Define endometriosis.
Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
88
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus.
89
What is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts.
90
List symptoms of PCOS.
* Irregular periods
* Hirsutism - growth of male hair
* Acne
* Obesity
* Infertility
91
What are menstrual disorders?
* Amenorrhea- no period
* Oligomenorrhea- very few periods
* Dysmenorrhea - painful craps during period
* Menorrhagia - heavy and long periods
92
What does PMS stand for?
Premenstrual Syndrome.
93
What is mastitis?
Inflammation of the breast tissue.
94
List terms for abnormal sperm related to infertility.
* Azoospermia- no sperm to ejaculate
* Oligospermia- low sperm count
* Asthenospermia- low sperm mobility
* Teratospermia - alot of abnormally shaped sperm
95
What are the routes of transmission for Chlamydia?
Sexual contact.
96
What are signs and symptoms of gonorrhea?
* Discharge - yellow , thick , cloudy and purulent
* Painful urination
97
What is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?
Not always sexually transmitted; fishy odor, discharge.
98
What are the symptoms of syphilis?
* Chancre
* Rash
* Fever
99
What is the mode of transmission for herpes?
Skin-to-skin contact.
100
What are common symptoms of Hepatitis A?
* Fatigue
* Jaundice
101
What is the route of transmission for Hepatitis B?
Blood, semen, or other body fluids.
102
What are common symptoms of HIV?
* Flu-like symptoms
* Fatigue
103
What causes a yeast infection?
Overgrowth of yeast.
104
What are symptoms of a yeast infection?
* Itching
* Discharge
105
What is Trichomoniasis?
Sexual contact; discharge ( greenish maybe yellow ), itching, painful urination.
106
most prevalent sti
chlamydia
107
complications of chlamydia in men
urethritis in men
108
complications of chalamydia in women
pelvic inflammatory disease
109
Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor - protein deficiency
Immunodeficiency , loss pigment in hair , hyperpigmented skin , muscle wasting and stunted growth ,
Treatment - replace fluids , electrolytes , proteins , calories , micronutrients
110
Marasmus
protein and calorie deficiency
111
diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa
Diagnosis through 2 of 3 symp- . loss of menarche or weight<85% of ideal or self imposed starvation , hyper-exercise or both
112
signs of bulimia
Signs and symptoms - dental problems , esophagitis , dysphagia / can lead to aspiration , pneumonia , hypokalemia ( low potassium because your body is not absorbing food ) , metabolic acidosis
113
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Causes - stoke , cancer , strictures , autoimmune disease ,
114
Diverticulum
pockets retain food , hernia (outpouching) achalasia .
115
hep A
fecal- oral
hand hygiene
vaccine
116
hep B
Blood- Body
Safe sex
handwashing
needle safety
blood screening
vaccine
117
hep C
most common
needle safety
blood screening
no vaccine
