Lab Practical 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Lymphatic System
A
Return extracellular fluid to the veins; functions in disease control
2
Q
Elastin - connective tissue of arteries of the cardiovascular system
A
Protein that allows for greater elasticity of tissues found in skin, lung, and artery tissue
3
Q
Arteri-
A
artery
4
Q
Cardi-
A
Heart
5
Q
hemo-
A
blood
5
Q
erythro-
A
red
5
Q
-emia
A
blood
6
Q
leuko-
A
white
7
Q
vaso-
A
vessel
8
Q
Collagen - connective tissue of arteries of the cardiovascular system
A
main structural protein which provides strength to tissues and gives protection to fragile organs
9
Q
Tunica intima - a layer of arteries
A
The innermost coat or layer; consists of a continuous layer of endothelial cells that line the lumen and a layer of supporting connective tissue
10
Q
Tunica media - a layer of arteries
A
The middle coat or layer consists of smooth muscle circularly arranged containing elastin - thicket layer
11
Q
Tunica adventitia - a layer of arteries
A
Outermost layer: connective tissue containing elastin and collagen
12
Q
Elastin (large) arteries
A
Thick-walled arteries near the heart and have a high proportion of elastin. Includes the aorta and its major branches
13
Q
Muscular (distributing) arteries
A
Deliver blood to specific body organs that have high proportions of smooth muscle
14
Q
Arterioles
A
The smallest arteries, with lesser proportions of smooth muscle and elastin
15
Q
Capillaries
A
Endothelial cells that are covered with a basement membrane. Function in exchange of materials between the blood and tissue
16
Q
Veins
A
Smooth muscle circularly arranged, more collagen, less elastin
17
Q
Venules
A
Type of vein: much like capillaries but of larger diameter
18
Q
Lymph Ducts
A
The extracellular fluid is returned to the heart via the lymphatic system. Contains thin-walled vessels with one-way valves
19
Q
Right atrium (thinner)
A
Receives blood from the vena cava and moves it to the right ventricle
20
Q
Right ventricle
A
Pumps blood from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery
21
Q
Left atrium
A
Receives blood from the pulmonary veins and moves it to the left ventricle
22
Q
Left ventricle
A
The largest heart chamber: pumps blood to the aorta from the left atrium
23
Atrioventricular Valves
It is located between the atria and ventricles; it prevents blood from flowing from ventricles back into the atria
24
Semilunar Valves
It is located between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart; it prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles
25
Aorta
The largest artery in the body that carries blood from the left ventricle to the body
26
Vena Cava
The largest vein in the body that has a superior vena cava, which carries from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava, which brings blood from the lower body to the right atrium
27
Coronary arteries
Multiple arteries running on both sides of the heart that supply nutrients and O2 to the heart muscle
28
Pulmonary artery
Carries low-oxygen blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
29
Pulmonary vein
Carries high-oxygen blood from the lungs to the left atrium
29
Lub
The heart sound made when the atrioventricular valves snap shut
30
Dub
The heart sound made when the semilunar valves snap shut
31
Pulmonary circulation
Blood circulates from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
32
Systematic circulation
Blood circulates from the heart to an organ and back to the heart
33
Hepatic portal systems
Hapatic is a term referring to the liver. This portal system transports blood collected from the absorptive areas of the digestive system to the liver. Blood from the stomach and the small intestine is taken directly to the liver, then returned to the heart.
34
Hypothalamic-hyposeal portal system
Blood from a hypothalamus goes directly to the hypophysis before returning to the heart. This system carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the hypophysis and prevents degeneration and dilution of the small amounts of hormones produced
35
Brachi
Arm
36
Cervic-
Neck
37
Corpus
Body
38
Ped, pod
Foot
39
Pharyngo-, laryngo-
Throat
40
Nas-, rhin-
Nose
41
-plasty
Plastic surgery
42
Pleur-
Chest lining
43
Pneum-, plum-
Lungs
44
Thora-
Chest
45
Teache-
Windpipe
46
Parotid salivary gland
Located below a the ear
47
Submaxillary salivary gland
Located at the base of the jaw on the medial edge
48
Sublingual salivary glands
On either side below the tongue
49
Saliva contains (7):
Water, mucin, salivary amylase, secretory immunoglobulin A, electrolytes, lingual lipase, lysozymes
50
Function of the salivary gland
Secretes mucin, bicarbonate, water, and salivary amylase (BMWS)
51
Buccal cavity
Empty space in the mouth
Hard palate: roof of the mouth with underlying bone
Soft palate: softer tissue posterior to the hard palate
52
Pharynx
The open space behind the buccal cavity. A joint passageway for both food and air
53
Larynx
Part of the respiratory track between the pharynx and trachea and contains vocal cords
54
Trachea
Transports air from the larynx to the bronchi. Pale to white in color
55
Esophagus
Parallels the trachea and is dorsal to it. Pink and color. Carries ingested food from the pharynx to the stomach.
56
Pleura
Membrane lining the walls of thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs. Cushions the lungs and provides lubrication to allow lungs to move smoothly.
57
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart that forms of fluid filled sack that contains the hearts. Functions to contain the heart within the chest cavity and to prevent heart from over expanding.
58
Diaphragm
Skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contractions of diagram, increase sides of the thoracic cavity
59
Peritoneum
Membrane that line abdominal cavity and surrounds vital organs. Supports vital organs and serves as a conduit for blood and lymph vessels and nerves
60
Liver
Major metabolic processing unit that maintains level of nutrients in blood. in digestion, it function is the secretion of bile
61
Gall bladder
Stores and excretes bile
62
Stomach
Produces hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsinogen to begin digestion of other proteins
63
Spleen
The largest lymphatic organ and functions as a site for production of lymphocytes. Removed old and damaged red blood cells.
64
Pancreas
Has both endocrine functions and exocrine function. Secretes the hormones, insulin and glycogen and secretes digestive enzymes.
65
Parts of small intestine in order
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
66
Mesentery
Folds of the peritoneum that connect and anchor the small intestine
67
Parts of the large intestine
Cecum, colon (largest), rectim
68
Anus
External open of the digestive track. Fecel material exist here
69
Kidneys
Removal of waste products from blood and regulation of blood volume and body pH.
70
Cephalo-, crani
Head
71
Cerebro-, encephalo-
Brain
72
Neur
Nerve
73
Optic-, opt-
Eye
74
Ot-, auri-
Ear
75
Neural Tube Cells
CNS - Brain and Spinal Cord
76
Neural Crest Cells
PNS
77
PNS
Peripheral nervous system of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside of CNS
78
Parasympathetic system
"vegetative" functions such as digestion and homeostatic maintenance
79
Sympathetic system
flight or fight response
80
Gray matter in the brain
Contains cell bodies, nuclei, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons of the nerve cells
81
White matter in the brain
Contains high concentrations of myelinated axons
82
Meninges
Connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, lying between the nervous tissue and bones
83
Neurons
Nerve cells - conduct nerve impulses
84
Glial Cells
Supporting cells; provide nutrition, support, and establish a blood-brain barrier
85
Cerebrum
Responsible for higher mental functions
86
Frontal Lobe within the cerebral lobe
Voluntary motor control: reasoning, planning, emotions, social judgement
87
Parietal Lobe within the cerebral lobe
Perevcies sensation from skin, muscles, tendons, and joint receptors
88
Temporal Lobe within the cerebral lobe
Contains auditory center; important in memory
89
Occipital Lobe within the cerebral lobe
Responsible for vision and eye control
90
Insula within the cerebral lobe
Integrates sensory information from viscera; role in taste and language function
91
Corpus Callosum
A band of nervous tissue connecting the two halves of the cerebrum; carries nerve impulses between hemispheres
92
Thalamus
Relay center for all sensory information (- smell) going to the cerebrum
93
Hypothalamus
Responsible for regulating types of behavior and produces hormones like ADH and oxytocin
94
Anterior Pituitary (6)
Produces/releases GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin (6)
95
Posterior Pituitary
Releases ADH and oxytocin, which are produced by the hypothalamus
96
Optic chiasm
Point at where optic nerve cross over on the way to the brain from the eye
97
Limbic system
Part of the forebrain that processes olfactory information. Neural basis of emotional states in higher vertebrates
98
Cerebellum
Receives input from joint, tendon, and muscle receptors and responsible for coordinating movement
99
Midbrain
Controls brain response to stimuli, eye movement, and vocalization
100
Pons
It contains two respiratory centers and is the pathway for nerve fibers passing through the brain to the spinal cord
101
Medulla Oblongata
Regulation of autonomic systems
102
Vasomotor center within Medulla Oblongata
Responsible for conditions or dilation of blood vessels and regulates blood pressure
103
Cardioinhibitory center within Medulla Oblongata
Responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the heart; regulates heart rate
104
Respiratory center
Works with respiratory center in pons to control respiration rate
105
Cranial nerves
Run directly to the brain, mixed with both sensory and motor function
106
-blast
to sporut
107
cyt-
cell
108
derm-
skin
109
ecto-
outside of
110
en-, endo-
within
111
meso-, medio-
middle
112
teras-, terat-
monster
113
toti-
whole
114
Growth occurs in HYPERTROPHY
Increase in cell size through an increase in organelle size and amount of cytoplasm (muscle cells)
115
Growth occurs in HYPERPLASIA
Increase in cell numbers (mitosis) like skin
116
Prenatally, most growth is by... and postnatally, most growth is by...
hyperplasia, hypertrophy
117
Determinate growth
The body grows up to a certain point then growth ceases
118
Indeterminate growth
Growth continues throughout the lifetime of an individual like in fish
119
Cellular differentiation
The process by which cells become specialized (liver cellso
120
Morphogenesis
Organs and tissues in animals are arranged in particular patterns and have particular relationships to one another
121
Morphology
The study of form and structure
122
Fertilization
combining of sperm and ovum; formation of zygote
123
Zygote
fertilized ovum
124
Zona pellucida
The protective layer that surrounds the mammalian oocyte
125
Cleavage
period of sequential cell divisions immediately following fertilization
126
Blastomeres
Undifferentiated cells formed during clevage
127
Morula
Solid ball of cells; mulberry shaped
128
Blastulation
Conversion of the morula into the blastocyst
129
Blastocyst
Hollow ball: initially one cell thick layer around a fluid-filled cavity.
130
Blastocyst: trophoblast
the outer layer of blastocyst; establishes the outmost layer of the placenta
131
Blastocyst: inner cell mass
Small aggregate of cells beneath trophoblast and at one end of the blastocyst; develops into embryo and all layers of the placenta besides the outermost
132
Blastocyst: Blastocoele cavity
The inner part of the blastocyst; fluid-filled area that provides nutrients to embryo
133
Implantation
Attachment of blastocyst to uterine wall
134
Gastrulation
Second major differentiation event
135
What devlops from the endoderm
lungs, GI tract, and associated organs like the liver
136
What devlops from the mesoderm
muscles, urinary system, some repro systems, heart, and connective tissue
137
Ectoderm
Forms the epidermis, some repro systems, and the nervous system, including brain, spinal cord, and nerves
138
Neurulation
Ectoderm develops into brain, spinal cord, and associated structures
139
Embryo
From implantation through formation of organs and organ systems
140
Fetus
From time formation of organs has been completed until parturition
141
Period of the Ovum
- time of ferlilzation to implatation
- little to no increase in weight
- sperm + ovum = zygote - morula - blastocyst - implantation
142
Period of the Embryo
- begins with gastrulation, in which three layers of cells develop from the inner cell mass
- formation of organs and tissues occur
- characterized by hyperplasia
143
Period of the Fetus
- late embryonic stage
- maturation of organ functions takes place with a large increase in weight
- growth is primarily by hypertrophy
144
Events in embryonic chick devlopment
- before laying eggs fertilization, division of living cells, segregation of cells into groups of special functions
- between laying and incubation no growth and stage of inactive embryonic life
145
Incubation: 22 hours
beginning formation of the head
146
Incubation: 42 hours
the heart begins to beat
147
Incubation: day 8
beginning formation of feathers
148
Incubation: day 13
appearance of scales and claws
149
Incubation: day 18
Pulmonary surfactant begins to be produced
150
Incubation: day 21
chick hatches
151
inter-
between
152
-lemma
sheath or husk
153
mega-, megalo-
large
154
myo-
muscle
155
semi-
half
156
supra-
above
157
Smooth muscle
Involuntary reactions in GI, reproductive, ureters, and blood vessels. No striated and circular and longitudinal layers with a single nucleus
158
Cardiac muscles
Involuntary reactions in the heart. Striated; cells connected by intercalated discs that are branched with 1-2 nuclei
159
Skeletal muscles
Voluntary contractions in attached to bones. Striated and longitudinal layers and elongated cells that are multinucleated
160
Intercalated discs
connects cell membranes of one cell to the next which increases electrical and molecular connections and aids in maintaining structures
161
Smooth muscle: peristalsis
The progressive alternating wave of coordinated contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle resulting in moving material
162
Smooth muscle: Segmentation
Stationary rhythmic contraction and relaxation of circular intestinal smooth muscle resulting in mixing
