Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Arth-
A
Joint
2
Q
Carpus
A
Wrist
3
Q
Chondr-
A
Cartilage
4
Q
-Clast
A
To break
5
Q
Cost-
A
Ribs
6
Q
Myel-
A
Bone marrow
7
Q
Oss-, osteo-
A
Bone
8
Q
Syn-
A
Union
9
Q
Tarsus
A
Ankle
10
Q
Exoskeleton vs endoskeleton
A
Exo: hard outer Skelton that’s outside of the body (turtles)
Endo: Embedded within the muscle
11
Q
Axial Skelton
A
Consists of the bones of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum. Not highly mobile to protect major organs
12
Q
Appendicular Skelton
A
Bones of the appendages or limbs to aid in motion (wings, legs)
13
Q
Heterotrophic bones
A
Bones embedded in the organs
14
Q
Os rostrale
A
Bone in snout of the pig
15
Q
Ossa cordis
A
Bones in the heart of cattle, sheep, and goats
16
Q
Os Phrenic
A
Bone in the diaphragm of camels
17
Q
Ossa Penis
A
Bone in penis of carnivores and rodents
18
Q
Scleral rings
A
Round bone in eyes of the bird
19
Q
Hyoid apparatus
A
Found in the tongue of avians and mammals
20
Q
Ogrin
A
End of the muscle that’s attached to a stationary part of the bone
21
Q
Insertion
A
The end of the muscle attached to a mobile section of the bone
22
Q
Tendons
A
Attach muscle to bones
23
Q
Ligaments
A
Attach bone to bone
24
Q
Epiphysis
A
Two ends of long bones
25
Diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
26
Epiphyseal plate
A growth region of cartilage between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
27
Epiphyseal line
Line formed in the bone when growth has ended. Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
28
Endosteum
Membrane lining the medullary cavity
29
Periosteum
Membrane covering the outer surface of the bone composed of connective tissue. Bone itself does not have nerves
30
Medullary cavity
Hollow area in the center of the bone where bone marrow is located
31
Diploe
Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
32
Compact bone
Dense hard layer of bone
33
Yellow bone marrow
Composed of adipocytes and stem cells
34
Red bone marrow
Give rise to red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells
35
Long bone
Dumb-bell shaped - aid in movement and carry the weight of the body - femur, fibula, tibia
36
Flat bone
Flat in 2D - thin and curved and protect vital organs - skull
37
Short bone
Round - reduce friction and concession - carpels
38
Sesamoid bones
Bones that form in tendons and aid in movement - patella
39
Irregular bone
Bones of the vertebral column
40
Pneumatic bone
Bones that contain space filled with air - can warm air, help birds fly
41
Joints
Where two or more bones meet - lined with cartilage
42
Fibrous joints
Bones in the joint do not move - held together by fibers
43
Cartilaginous joints
Allows for some movement - held by ligaments
44
Synovial joints
largest group of joints in body - wide range of motion
45
Hinge joint movement
Extension and flexion - elbow and knee
46
Pivot joint movement
Rotation of one bone around another
47
Ball and socket joint movement
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation - shoulder, hip joints
48
Condyloid joint movement
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction- wrist, foot
49
Gliding joint movement
allows for smooth gliding motions found in wrist and verebrae
50
Saddle joint movement
Flexion, extension, abduction, circumduction, found in the thumb
51
a-, an-
without
52
ab-
away from
53
ad-, af-
to, towards
54
dia-
through
55
dis-, dys-
difficult
56
ex-, ef-
away from
57
-osis
condition of
58
-rrhea
flowing
59
Acessory organs
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas - contribute to breakdown of feed
60
Regurgitation
after the feed has been initially chewed and swallowed, the reticulum initiates retrieval to return to the mouth
61
Reinsalvation
the salivary glands add more mucin and bicarbonate to assist in breaking down more feed
62
Remastication
Rechewing the feed
63
Redeglutition
Re-swallowing of the feed
64
Order of rumination cycle
1. regurgitation
2. reinsalvtion
3. remastication
4. redeglutition
65
Teeth
function in prehension and particle reduction
66
Tongue
Prehension, mixing, and taste
67
Salivary glands
Produce saliva - containing mucin bicarbonate and urea (no salivary amylase in ruminants)
68
Esophagus
Connects pharynx to the stomach to transport food and drink from the stomach to the peristalsis. Return ingesta to the mouth during regurgitation
69
Reticulum (stomach of ruminants)
Initiates regurgitation- the honeycomb
70
Rumen (stomach of ruminants)
Site of microbial fermentation of feed and volatile fatty acid
71
Omasum (stomach of ruminants)
Water absorption - pages in a book
72
Abomasum (stomach of ruminants) - what does it produce
"true" or glandular stomach of ruminants. Produces HCI, pepsin, and intrinsic factors. Secretes lysozyme and gastrin
73
Greater omentum
Overlays the stomach - lace like appearance where leukocyte production occurs
74
Esophageal groove
Two folds that close when young suckle to cause the milk to bypass the reticulum and rumen. Connects to esophagus and abomasum
75
Liver
Metabolic nutrient processing and secretion of bile in digestion. Secretes angiotensinogen and IGF-1. Disposes of toxins. Site for gluconeogenesis
76
Gall bladder
Stores bile, releases bile into duodenum
77
Pancreas (6)
Produce bicarbonate, glucagon, insulin, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase
78
Duodenum
Shortest part of small intestine - receives chyme from the abomasum. Produces bicarbonate and receives bile from the gall bladder and pancreatic secretions from pancreas
79
Jejunum
Middle portion of small intestine (longest) - digestion of protein and carbs and absorption of amino acids, fatty acids, and iron
80
Ileum
Absorbtion of bile salts, water, electrolytes, and vitamin B12 and connects to large intestine
81
Cecum
Microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occurs. Absorption of fermentation products, VVA, vitamins, and water
82
Colon
Microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occurs. Absorption of fermentation products, VVA, vitamins, and water
83
Rectum
Responsible for formation dropping
84
Ileocecal valve
regulates the flow of material from the ileum into the large intestine
85
Cortex
shell, outside layer
86
Medulla
marrow, middle layer
87
nephr-, ren-
kidney
88
Urinary system function
Filters blood, regulates blood volume/pressure and body pH, collects urine, resorbs water, maintains electrolyte balance
89
Nephron
The functional unit in the kidney - filters blood, desirable compounds are reabsorbed, and waste compounds are secreted into forming urine
90
Components of mammalian urinary system (4)
two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
91
Components of avian urinary system (3)
two kidneys, two ureters, cloaca
92
Where is urine stored in avians
The colon of the large intestine
93
Cloaca (birds)
junction of ureters, colon, and repro tract
94
Urethra (mammals)
drains urine from the urinary bladder and carries it out of the body
95
Ureters
carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
96
What does urine contain (5)
urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, and other nitrogen-containing compounds
97
Renal cortex
The outer part of the kidney - filters blood to produce glomerular filtrate (gluconeogenesis occur here too)
98
Renal medulla
the inner part of the kidney
99
Renal pyramids
Cone-shaped structure (purple/red) - converts filtrate from the glomerular capsule into the urine
100
Renal columns
Composed of lines of blood vessels and cortical material
101
Renal pelvis
A funnel-shaped opening in the kidney that receives urine from the collecting ducts
102
Renal corpuscle
Filters the blood - the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
103
Renal tubule
Converted filtrate into urine via reabsorption and secretion
104
Loop of Henle
reabsorption of salt and water from urine
105
Adrenal cortex secretes
secretes steroid hormones (aldosterone and cortisone)
106
Adrenal medulla secretes
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
107
ADH
Excreted by the posterior pituitary in the brain and increases H2O resorption by the kidney
108
Aldosterone
Steroid hormone excreted by the adrenal cortex - increases sodium retention by the kidney
109
Renin
An enzyme secreted by the kidney - increases the release of aldosterone
110
Natriuretic hormone
Secreted by the heart atria and decreases sodium retention by the kidney
111
Erythropoietin
Protein hormone secreted by the kidney - acts to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow
112
-algia
pain
113
-lysis
breakdown
114
macro-
large
115
micro-
small
116
-pathy
disease
117
-penia
lack
118
-phagia
to eat
119
pre-
before
120
beak
prehension
121
mouth
entrance to GI tract
122
Oropharynx
Combined oral and pharyngeal space. Joint area for digestive and respiratory system
123
Salivary glands in birds
Secretes mucin, bicarbonate and water
124
Infundibular cleft
Common opening of eustachian tubes (the canal that extends from the middle of the ear) (pressure equalization in flight)
125
Laryngeal cleft
Opening into larynx - closes to block food from entering the larynx
126
Larynx
Allows passage of air from oropharynx into trachea - contains to vocal cords
127
Trachea
Transports air from the larynx to the bronchi
128
Syrinx
Y-shaped organ - responsible for vocalization in birds
129
Esophagus in birds
Thin wall rube with little muscle - passageway for feed from oropharynx to crop, and then from crop to proventricles
130
Crop
Feed storage area. Soaking and storage of feed
131
Heart in birds
4 chambered
132
Liver in birds
Processes nutrients and produces bile
133
Spleen
Part of the immune system - lymphocyte production
134
Proventriculus
The glandular stomach in birds. Secretes pepsinogen for protein breakdown, HCI, mucous, and gastrin
135
Ventriculus
The muscular part of the digestive system that grinds feed - rocks and pebbles are lodged here
136
Small intestine
Produces the enzymes enterokinase, carboxy-peptidase, aminopeptidase, maltase, bicarbonate, and sucrase, (not lactase)
137
Hepatic portal system
Collects nutrients absorbed from digested tract - transports directly to the liver
138
Meckel diverticulum
Yolk stalk remnant. Lymphocyte production and part of the immune system. Marks juncture of jejunum and ileum
139
How many ceca do birds have
two - part of the large intestine and microbial fermentation
140
Bursa of Fabricius
Produces B-lymphocytes. Located dorsal to cloaca. Hard to find in mature birds
141
Vent
The external opening of the cloaca. Reproductive, urinary, and fecal material exits here
142
Kidneys in bird
Lobulated in birds - located in the synsacral cavity
143
Testes
Male gonads are located at the anterior end of the kidneys - production of sperm and testosterone
144
Epididymis
Increase sperm motility and increase sperm fertilizing capacity
145
Vas deferens
2 - sperm storage, maximizing motility, and fertilizing capacity of the sperm, sperm maturation, and adding accessory fluid to the sperm
146
Cloca within the repro tract
Receives sperm from vas deferens
147
Ovary
Responsible for ova production and estrogen production
148
Follicles
Reproductive gamete of the female
149
Stigma line (birds)
Site of ovulation - no blood vessels, so no bleeding - no CH, CL, or CA
150
Oviduct
Consists of infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, vagina
151
Infundibulum
Catches the ova when it ovulated - location of sperm storage and fertilization
152
Magnum
Secretes the albumen protein or egg white
153
Isthmus
The two shell membranes are deposited - takes 1.25 hours, creates hard shell
154
Uterus (birds)
Plumpling, the taking up of water, occurs. Eggshell and shell pigment deposited - 20.75 hours
155
Vagina
Rotates the egg from the pointed end down to the round end down - 1/4 hour
156
Utero-vaginal juncture
Provides storage area for sperm after copulation until oviposition occurs
157
Oviposition
Laying the egg occurs half hour later - the egg passes through the cloaca and exits through the vent
158
Oxytocin
Hormones exerted from the posterior pituitary are responsible for milk letdown in animals
159
Mammary gland
Milk-producing tissue, including alveoli and collecting ducts drained from the teat by a single streak canal.
160
Alveolus
A hollow ball of cells that forms and secretes milk
161
Myoepithelial cells
Contractile cells that surround the alveolus - contract to force milk into the duct system
162
Fine duct systems
Connects the alveoli to the connecting ducts
163
Collecting ducts
Collect milk from the fine duct system and transport the milk to the gland cistern
164
Gland cistern
The largest storage area of the mammary gland - collects milk from the collecting ducts and stores it
165
Teat cistern
Collects secreted milk from gland cistern
166
Streak canal
Milk exits out of the teat from the teat cistern
167
What two parts of the mammary system are not present at birth?
Alveoli and fine duct system
168
Medial suspensory ligament
Provides primary support for the udder. Run down the middle of the udder
169
Lateral suspensory ligament
Located on the sides of the udder to provide additional support
170
Pudic artery
Main blood supply to the udder
171
anit-
against
172
brady-
slow
173
ectomy-
cutting out
174
extra-
outside
175
hypo-
under, less
176
pectus
chest
177
peri-
surrounding
178
post-
after
179
sub-
beneath
180
The function of male repro system
Produce sperm and testosterone, ejaculate semen
181
Testes
Male gonads
182
Interstitial cells
produce testosterone
183
Sustenacular cells
Prevents the immune system from attacking the developing sperm, forming the blood-testis barrier in each seminiferous tubule - produces androgen binding protein
184
Rete testes
system of tubules the connects seminiferous tubules with efferent ducts to transport sperm into head of epididymis
185
Testicular arteries
Paired arteries that feed into the vasculature of testies
186
Caput (head) of epididymis
Fluid absorption occurs to increase the concentration of sperm
187
Corpus (body) of epididymis
Where substantial maturation of sperm occurs
188
Cauda (tail) of epididymis
Sperm is stored here
189
Vas deferens
Where ejaculation occurs, takes sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra
190
Ampulla
Muscular widening of vas deferens - contracts to speed up ejection (only is some animals - ram, bull, stallion)
191
Seminal vesicles
Supplies protein, sugars, and citric acid
192
Prostate gland
Cleanse and lubricate urethrea - adds buffer and ions to activate sperm
193
What is semen made up of?
Sperm + seminal plasma
193
Bulbourethral gland
Cleanse and lubricate urethra, supply gelatinous plug - some species (boar, stallion)
194
Seminal plasma/accessory gland
Neutralize residual acidity in the urethra, supply nutrients for sperm, activate sperm, and in some species (pig) provide gel that prevents fertilization by another male
195
Penis
Copulatory organ - delivers semen into female repro tract
196
Glans penis
End of the penis - filled with nerves that are stimulated during copulation which induces ejaculation
197
Fibro-elastic penis
Controlled by retractor penis muscle and the sigmoid flexure - does not change in length - bull, boar, ram
198
Pampiniform plexus
In spermatic cord - cools arterial blood going to testes and warms venous blood leaving the testes going back into body
199
Vascular penis
Mostly vascular tissue and little connective tissue - penis fills with blood during erection - humans, dogs, cats, stallions
200
Tunica dartos muscle
In scrotum - thin layer of muscle which contracts when testes are cold and relaxes when warm
201
Cremaster muscle
Pulls testes closer or farther from body depending on temp - provides support to testicles
202
Sweat glands
Helps control temp by cooling - not in all species
203
hydr-, aque
water
204
hysteri-
uterus
205
-ism
condition of
206
-ology
knowledge of
207
pheno-
appearance
208
-rrhagia
bursting forth
209
pseudo-
false
210
Ovary
Female gonad - forms ova, synthesizes progestogen and estrogen
211
Primordial follicle
Ovum is surrounded by squamous follicular cells
212
Primary follicle
Contains ovum surrounded by 1 layer of granulosa cells
213
Secondary follicle
Contains ovum surrounded by 2+ layers of granulosa cells and interna cells. Cells have receptors for FSH and LH
214
Antral follicle
Contains an antrum (space filled with follicular fluid)
215
Ovulation-ready antral follicle
Contains many layers of granulosa cells and a large antrum. These mature follicles will ovulate
216
Corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)
First ovarian structure is produced after ovulation - filled with blood
217
Corpus luteum
Produces progesterone - maintained during pregnancy
218
Corpus albicans (CA)
White scar of ovary - CL turns into CA when implantation does not occur
219
Estrogen
Sex hormone responsible for libido
220
Progesterone
Sex hormone that quiets contractions during pregnancy
221
Prostaglandin
Responsible for lysisng CL
222
Vagina
Place of semen deposit - receptacle for the penis
223
Cervix
Passageway between the uterus and vagina that protects from microorganisms, semen storage, and lubrication
224
Urerus
Where pregnancy is established - contains uterine horns and body
225
Placenta
Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus
