Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ANS 214 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do organisms go from cell to species?

A
  1. Cells: mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, lysosome
  2. Tissue: groups of cells similar in structure and function (muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial)
  3. Organs: lungs, heart, liver, small intestines, large intestines
  4. Organ System: endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal, digestive, urinary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 tissue groups and what does each group do?

A
  1. muscle tissue - contractions
  2. nervous tissue - communication
  3. connective - bind, connect, and support
  4. epithelial - skin, protects surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Central Dogma Theory

A

DNA - RNA - Protein
DNA is replicated and copied to make more DNA. During transcription, DNA is copied to RNA, and during translation, RNA is read to create proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of the relative consistency of the state of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Stimulus that is received through a sensor or receptor to the control center that releases an effector (high glucose - you get insulin), must have a set point you are maintaining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

Stimulus is received through a sensor or receptor to the control center that releases an effector - must have amplification (calf suckles on mom, milk is released for only the length calf is suckling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Main Functions of Cardiovascular System

A
  1. Transportation - nutrients, gases, metabolical waste, communication signals
  2. Regulation - blood pH, temperature, blood volume
  3. Protection - blood clotting, immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is blood composed of

A
  1. Red blood cells (bottom of vial) - most dense
  2. Plasma (top of vial) - solute that contains nutrients
  3. White blood cells (middle of vial) - protective component
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arteries

A

Move blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Veins

A

Move blood towards heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Continuous blood vessels

A

Most of the capillaries. It is least permeable and moves small things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fenestrated Blood Vessels

A

It has windows (holes) and moves small things rapidly. It is in the kidneys and intestine (screen window)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sinusoid

A

Moves giant molecules and is most permeable. It is in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow (chain link fence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cardio output equation

A

-HR x SV (stroke volume) = CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Things that impact heart rate

A

Hormones, age, gender, body temp, exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Things that impact stroke volume

A

preload, contractility, afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does blood move through the heart?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, lung, left atrium, left ventricle, systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What ventricle has more muscle and pumps more?

A

Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes blood to flow in a single direction

A

Atrioventricular valves and semi-lumiar valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two types of cardiomyocytes?

A

-Contractile Cardiac Myocytes: 99% of cells in the heart that allow it to pump and give it a forced rest period
- Autorhymic cells: 1% of cells in the heart that are the pacemaker of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Capillaries

A

Very small blood vessels with thin walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Blood pH lower than 7.35 and increased blood pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Blood pH higher than 7.45 and decreased blood pCO2 (hyperventilation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is respiratory rhythms regulated by?

A

higher brain center (medulla and pons), chemoreceptors (pO2, pH), pulmonary irritant reflexes, stretch receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Functions of the respiratory system
Supply O2, remove CO2, remove heat, vocalization, olfaction, acid-base homeostasis.
26
Pulmonary ventilation
Movement of air in the lung
27
External Respiration
Gas exchange between lung and blood (external air moving into the system)
28
Transportation of respiratory gases
Moving gas from from lung to the tissue
29
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissue
30
Does the upper or lower respiratory system have a conducting zone?
Upper
31
Alveoli
Gas exchange (very thin, thinner then paper)
32
Alveolar Type 1 cells
Brown cells
33
Alveolar Type 2 cells
Green cells that produce surfactant
34
Macrophage
Purple cells that remove unknown things and the innate immune system
35
What are the properties of the mammalian respiratory system?
Compliance: the ability of the system to stretch Elasticity: return to rested state Surface tension: allows for similar molecules to come together
36
Surfactant
Detergent like liquid and protein complexes produced by type 2 alveolar cells
37
What are the mechanics of pulmonary ventilation?
Inspiration: brining air to the lung Expiration: bringing air out of the lung
38
Boyles Law
The inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. When pressure increases, volume decreases. (squeezing a ballon)
39
What does intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) always equal?
atmospheric pressure (Patm) - 760 mmHg
40
Is intrapleural pressure (Pip) more or less than intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)?
less
41
How does expiration work
As volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) increases. Ppul must equal Patm so air leaves
42
Tidal volume (normal)
The volume of gas inhaled/exhaled
43
Inspiratory reserve volume
The volume of air above tidal volume that can be taken in
44
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be exhaled outside of tidal volume
45
Vital capacity
Amount of exchangeable air
46
Residual volume
Amount of air that cannot be exchanged
47
Dead space
Some inspired air never contributes to gas exchange (residual volume) Total dead space = anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space
48
Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) equation
Frequency x (TV-dead space) = AVR
49
Daltons Law
The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the pressures of all the gases (Patm = 100%, so PO2 = 40% and PN = 60%)
50
Henerys Law
The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid depends of the solubility of gas, temperature of the fluid, and partial pressure of the gas
51
How is O2 carried in the blood?
1.5% dissolved in plasma and 98.5% is loosely bonded to Fe of hemoglobin
52
What happens in carbon dioxide transport?
10% dissolved as CO2 in plasma, 20% carbaminohemoglobin, and 70% bicarbonate
53
In the chloride shift:
Hydrogen is released for carbonic acid then bicarbonate leaves the erythrocytes (leaving an H+ behind). This maintains ionic balance, and Cl- comes into erythrocytes
54
Key differences in avian vs mammalian respiratory system
- Avians do not have a diaphragm -Their lungs are not eleatic - they have air sacs - A change in volume occurs - Occurs with inflation and partial deflation of air sacs
55
How does gas exchange work in avians
1st inspiration, 1st expiration (air doesn't enter lungs till now), 2nd inspiration, 2nd expiration (air leave body)
56
What are the two gas laws that assist with external and internal respiration and transportation of gases?
Henrys and Daltons' law
57
What can alter the loading and unloading of oxygen (4)
The affinity between oxygen and hemoglobin, lower affinity with acid, decreased affinity with higher temps, decreased affinity with increased 2-3 diphosphoglyceric acid
58
How is the endocrine system different from the nervous system?
Communicate with hormones and receptors, responds in seconds to days, carried through blood and lymph, regulates metabolic activities
59
What is a hormone?
Chemicals that are carried through the blood or lymph to distinct target tissues and recognized by specific high-affinity receptors on target cells
60
What are the two hydrophilic hormones?
peptide (oxytocin and human growth hormone) and amino acid hormones (norepinephrine)
61
What is the hydrophobic hormone?
Steroid hormone (testosterone and progesterone)
62
What does target cell activation depend on?
Relative number of receptors, affinity of receptor and hormone, blood levels of hormones
63
Humoral stimuli
Changing levels of Ions and nutrients
64
Neural stimuli
Nerve fibers stimulate a hormone release
65
Hormonal stimuli
Hormones stimulate the release/suppression of other hormones
66
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
stimulates secretion from the thyroid gland - inhibited by the thyroid gland - inhibits TRH - Negative feedback loop - Anterior pituitary
67
LH/FSH
control ovulation/the menstrual cycle in women and sperm production in men - secreted by GnRH - PFL
68
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex - short term stress response - secreted by corticotrophin releasing hormone - produces glucorticoids and mineral corticoids - Produced in the kidneys - NFL
69
Prolactin (PL)
milk production by anterior pituitary - stimulation of the mammary gland - can be inhibited by dopamine - inhibits GnRH - NFL
70
Growth Hormone (GH)
regulates the growth of the body - Produced by GnRH and hypothalamus - inhibits GnRH - directly raises blood glucose levels - NFL
71
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- stimulated water reabsorption in the kidney - regulated based on water and water pressure - stimulate vasoconstriction in blood vessels (narrowing, blood volume and pressure) - NFL
72
Thyroid hormone
- increases metabolic rate and heat production (burns energy) Plays a role in: - maintenance of blood pressure - regulates tissue growth - development of skeletal + nervous systems - reproductive capacity
73
2 types of thyroid hormones
T4 (thyroxine)and T3 (triiodothyroninnne)
74
Endocrine pancreas cells
- Alpha cells: make glucagon - Beta cells: make insulin - Delta cells: make somatostatin
75
Adrenal glands release what 2 things?
epinephrine, norepinephrine
76
ACTH is a ___ releasing hormone that deals with ____.
corticotropin, stress
77
LH/FSH are ___ stimulating hormones which have a ___ feedback loop.
follicle, positive
78
TSH interacts with ___ to cause a release of ___ & ____.
thyroids, T3, T4
79
PRL stimulates ____ production and is a ___ feedback loop.
milk, negative
80
Oxytocin ___ milk ejection, ___ uterine contractions, and ___ stress.
triggers, stimulates, inhibits
81
Thyroid hormones increase ____ & _____.
metabolic rate, heat production
82
Insulin functions in an increase of ___ & ____, and converts ____.
glucose uptake, storage glycogen, glucose to fat
83
Glucagon targets the ____ and promotes an increase of ___, ___, & _____.
liver, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, release of glucose to blood
84
Pre-load
Volume of blood the heart can hold without streching
85
Sinoatrial nodes
Pacemaker, wave of depolarization begins here - L & R atria contract
86
Atrioventricular nodes
Location/wave of depolarization across atria converges
87
Atrio-bundle node
Transmit electrical impulses from atrioventricular nodes through the ventricle
88
Subendocardial conducting node network
Transmit the wave of depolarization from the fibers of the AV bundle into individual contractile cardiomyocytes
89
The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the lungs than blood returning from the tissue in:
External respiration

ANS 214 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions