Unit 3 Flashcards
What are the two types of immunity
Innate defense, which is the first line of defense, and adaptive defense which one look for one thing
Skin barriers
1st line of defense, skin, keratin, mucus membranes
Protective chemicals: mucus, acidity, lysozyme, sebum, anti-microbial peptides
When is inflammation triggered, and why
When tissues are injured or infected:
1. Prevent the spread of damaging agents
2. Dispose of cellular debris and pathogens
3. Set the stage for repair
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Pain, redness, swelling, impairment, heat (PRISH)
What is phagocytosis
Ingestion and elimination of disease-causing agents
Steps of phagocytosis
- Phagocytes detect target
- Engulfment of the agent (form pseudo pod)
- Phagosomes are engulfed and merge with lysosomes to break down harmful particles
- Phagolysosomes digest the invader and destroy it
- Any leftover waste is expelled from the cell (exocytosis)
Functions of Adaptive Immunity
- Protect against infectious agents and abnormal body cells
- Amplify the inflammatory response
- Activate complement
3 types of adaptive immunity responses
specific, systemic, and has memory
Lymphocytes (mature ones have…)
Type of white blood cell that start out as immature
When mature they have immuno-competence (know target) and have self-tolerance (only attack host cell)
What do antibodies do to their targets?
they inactive and tag antigens
What are the defense mechanisms of antibodies
(PLAN) Precipitation, complement fixation- Lysis, Agglutination, and Neutralization
What are the major types of T-lymphocytes
Th (helper cells), Tc (cytotoxic cells), Treg (regulatory cells), and memory T cells
What do cytotoxic T cells target
virus infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign cells
What are the two classes of proteins (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
Class I MHC: found in all body cells
Class II MHC: found in certain cells in the immune system
How is the adaptive immune system divided
Humoral (uses B cells and antibodies) and cellular immunity (T cells)
How are antibodies produced?
- B cells encounter an antigen. Each B cell has specific receptors on its surface. When these receptors bind to an antigen, the B cell is activated.
- The activated B cell often needs assistance from helper T cells to fully initiate the antibody production.
- Once activated, B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma or memory cells.
- They produce and release antibodies, which are proteins specifically tailored to neutralize the antigen.
Antibodies Functions:
Neutralization: Neutralize pathogens by binding to them and preventing their entry into cells.
Enhanced phagocytosis: Mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells.
Complement Activation: Activate the complement system, a series of proteins that assists in destroying pathogens.
Explain cellular immunity
When a pathogen invades, antigen-presenting cells show pieces of the pathogen to T cells.
Helper T Cells will coordinate the immune response by activating other immune cells.
Cytotoxic T Cells directly attack and kill infected or cancerous cells.
Memory T Cells stick around, remembering the pathogen. If it returns, they react faster and stronger.
What do MHC cells do (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
Help the immune system find and destroy infected cells by displaying pieces of proteins from inside their cells surface
6 Functions of the digestive system
motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, excretion, and host defense
What are the two groups of organs in the digestive system
Alimentary canal (all normal parts) and accessory digestive organs (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)
Motility
Muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with enzymes, and move it along the system
What does salvia do? What’s it composed of?
Aids in swallowing
- salivary amylase
- lingual lipase
- lysozyme & lgA
- electrolytes
What are the three phases of gastric digestion
Cephalic: see, smell, and taste
Gastric: breakdown of feed
Intestinal: end of gastric digestion, start of intestinal digestion and absorption
