Labs 5 - 8

Question 1

What is histology?

Answer 1

The study of tissues of the body, how they are arranged and how they relate to each other.

Question 2

What are the 5 kinds of things you can see in a smear slide and describe what each of them looks like?

Answer 2

Platelets: small dark dots
Erythrocytes: most common, light pink circles
Lymphocyte: medium cells with nuclus that takes up majority of cell
Monocyte: large mostly rounded cell, peanut shaped nucleus
Neutrophils: large mostly round, lobular of fragmented nucleus

Question 3

What is the epithelial tissue?

Answer 3

Diverse tissue that lines and covers all surfaces and may seperate body compartments, provides platform for diffusion/secretion/absorption

Question 4

What is connective tissue?

Answer 4

Connects epithemlium to rest of body, functions include structural support, transport, protection of organs, energy storage and defence against invading pathogens

Question 5

What is muscle tissue?

Answer 5

Tissue containing cells specialised for contraction bu expression of contractile proteins. 3 kinds: cardiac, smooth and skeletal.

Question 6

What is nervous tissue

Answer 6

Cells specialised for transmission of rapid electrical based communication over a distance.

Question 7

What are the different magnifications of the objective lens?

Answer 7

4x, 10x, 40x and 100x.

Question 8

How much does the eyepiece usually magnify a sample by?

Answer 8

Power of 10

Question 9

What is the purpose of the field iris diaphragm on a light microscope?

Answer 9

Controls area of light illumination

Question 10

What is the purpose of the condense iris diaphragm, in a light microscope?

Answer 10

Controls amount of light leaving and entering the condenser

Question 11

What does the condenser iris lever do?

Answer 11

Reduces glare and enhances image contrast

Question 12

What are the steps to using a microscope?

Answer 12

1. Place microscope at comfortable position on bench
2. Make sure microscope is set to use low power objective (4x)
   3.Use course focus to put stage to its lowest position
   4.turn light on lowest intensity then switch it on
   5.adjust position of eyepieces to suit your eyes
3. Choose slide and place it on the stage
4. Use course focus to see specimen, then fine focus to focus it
   8.swing nosepiece to move 10x objective into place
   9.use fine focus to bring specimen into focus again
5. Swing 40x objective into place
6. Only use fine focus to bring specimen into focus
   12, when finished looking at specimen, move stage to lowest position and remove slide
7. Turn light intensity to lowest and turn off microscope

Question 13

How do you clean a microscope after oil immersion?

Answer 13

Move 100x objective to side, lower stage and remove slide, wipe excess oil of slide with tissue, then clean with index and tissue, use special lens tissues and windex to clean 100x objective.

Question 14

How is the image resolution determined when capturing an image using a microscope?

Answer 14

Number of pixels and range of brightness values for each pixel

Question 15

How is a blood smear prepared?

Answer 15

A drop of blood is placed on slide and spread across slide, then slide is put through stain eg/ Wrights, stains erythrocytes light pink and the nucleus of leukocytes dark purple/blue

Question 16

How do you create a figure?

Answer 16

SEE W4

Question 17

What are the steps in data acquisition?

Answer 17

1. Raw input (mechanical signal) is captured using a receiving device which transmits signal usually in form of analog voltage (signal that has amplitude that varies overtime)
   2.raw signal enters power lab via power lab input. It can now be modified by amplification and filtering - known as signal conditioning
   3.after signal conditioning, analog voltage is sampled at regular intervals, signal is then converted form analogue to digitial before transmission to attached computer

Question 18

What do you use the compression buttons for in kura cloud?

Answer 18

To change to the intervals on the time axis

Question 19

If the OCC light on the PowerLab flashes yellow what does it mean?

Answer 19

The current is not flowing properly

Question 20

Which tiny electrical signals can you record with the bio amp?

Answer 20

ECG, EEG, EMG.

Question 21

How does a pulse transducer work?

Answer 21

Detects a pressure wave created by each heart beat following the expansion and recoil of arteries

Question 22

What signal does the pulse transducer ‘transduce’ into an electrical signals?

Answer 22

The changes in pressure from pusatile blood flow

Question 23

Where do you attach the pulse transducer?

Answer 23

Palpate for radial pulse then place pressure pad of pulse transducer against radial artery of volunteer.

Question 24

Where should the green earth electrode be placed when recording ECG

Answer 24

Ankle

Question 25

The powerlab is an - to - converter

Answer 25

Mechanical to analog.

Question 26

The sampling rate is the

Answer 26

Samples per unit time.

Question 27

Why would there be a lag between raw data signal and the channel calculation signal you see on the screen?

Answer 27

There is processing time required to perform a channel calculation on the raw data, causing the lag between seeing the raw data and the channel calculation.

Question 28

Why is it adviseable to record the heart rate for 60secs rather than a shorter duration eg/ 30sec, 15sec?

Answer 28

The person may have an irregular heart beat, which could be missed if recording for just 15 or 30 secs. Recording for 60 secs gives you more accurate estimation of heart rate, which is necessary if that person has an irregular heart rate.

Question 29

Why does the QRS complex have the largest amplitude?

Answer 29

The QRS is largest muscle mass of ventricle is greater than that of the atria, and ventricular depolarisation occurs significantly faster than ventricular repolarisation.

Question 30

What is used to record the electrical activity in muscles

Answer 30

EMG electromyography

Question 31

How many muscle fibres may a single motor neuron innervate?

Answer 31

Several muscle fibres

Question 32

The action potential causes release of calcium ions from - in the muscle cell.

Answer 32

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 33

Why is it important to clean the area with alcohol swabs and lightly abrade the skin prior to attaching EMG electrodes?

Answer 33

Reduces the electrical resistance of the skin

Question 34

Unlike the discrete waveform form an ECG, the electromyogram waveform is irregular. Why is this?

Answer 34

Skeletal muscle does not contract in a fully synchronized fashion.

Question 35

How did the EMG trace change when you added weights to the volunteers arm? What can you infer is happening to the muscles as weight is added?

Answer 35

The heavier the load, the greater the recorded activity. Greater motor unit activity is required to generate more force.

Question 36

In an ECG trace which letter denotes the voltage required to contract the atria?

Answer 36

The P wave

Question 37

In an ECG trace which section represents voltage required to contract the ventricles?

Answer 37

QRS complex

Question 38

In an ECG trace how would you measure the voltage required for contraction of the atrium?

Answer 38

Measure the difference from the baseline trace to the height of the P wave.

Question 39

In an ECG trace how would you measure the voltage required for contraction of the ventricles?

Answer 39

Measure the difference from the baseline trace to the height of the R peak.

Question 40

When looking a muscle contraction in the upper arm, when you place a weight in the hand of a person you would expect to see most contraction in which muscle?

Answer 40

Bicep contraction only.