Week 10 - Content Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is cognitive bias?
Systematic error in thinking that can inform irrational choices; typically based on a persons experience or stereotypes.
What are the two types of bias?
Conscious bias, and unconscious bias
What is conscious bias?
Biased attitudes about certain group/topic we are aware of
What is unconscious bias?
Biased attitudes about certain group/topics we are unaware of, operate outside of your control and awareness
Why are unconscious biases formed?
Shaped by survival instinct that causes people to associate with people they perceive to be similar to them, forming groups because they are deemed to be safe.
What is avalibilty heuristic bias?
We rely on immediate example that come to mind while making judgements.
What is anchoring bias?
We rely heavily in the first piece of information introduced when making decisions
What is the framing affect?
Draw different conclusions from same information depending on how it is presented.
What is the halo effect?
If you see a person having a positive trait, that positive trait will spill over into their other trait (also works with negative traits)
What is authority bias?
We trust and are more influenced by the opinions of authority figures
What is confirmation bias?
We tend to find and remember information that confirms our perceptions
What is the placebo effect?
If we believe a treatment will work, if often will have a small physiological effect
What is gamblers fallacy?
We think future possibilities are affected by past events
What are different examples of fallacious thinking?
Error in logical thinking: distorting an issue, drawing false conclusion, misusing evidence.
Ad Hominem: attacking person making argument rather than arguement itself
Straw Man: arguing against oversimplified or otherwise distorted version of your opponents arguement
Slippery Slope: claiming single event will inevitably give rise to chain of future events
What is Bayesian reasoning?
Evaluates all new data in context of an ‘existing dataset’ if that dataset has been flawed/biased/stigmatised for whatever reason then it doesn’t matter how good or accurate the new data coming in all new data is not interpreted properly we get the wrong outcome.
What is misinformation?
Innaccurate misleading information presented as fact; intention may not always be to mislead.
What is disinformation?
Misinformation with the deliberate intent to mislead.
What is ‘fake news’?
Sensationalised, misleading information presented as news
What are tactics used by mis/disinformation?
Make something appear safe and helpful, make something appear very dangerous.
What are ways we can stop misinformation?
Take personal responsibility (fact check info), assess source, go beyond headline, see if author is credible, check if data is relevant and up to date, check for credible supporting evidence, check own biases.
What is the strongest form of evidence on the hierarchy of scientific evidence pyramid?
Meta-analyses and systematic reviews
What is the CRAAP test?
Currency: is the source up to date?
Relevance: is the source relevant to your research?
Authority: Where is the source published? Who is the author? Are they considered reputable and trustworthy in their feild?
Accuracy: Is the source supported by evidence? Are the claims cited correctly?
Purpose: What was the motive behind publishing the source?
