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anatomy lectures > language centers and aphasia > Flashcards

language centers and aphasia Flashcards

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1
Q

what is language

A

reading, writing, speaking, comprehension

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2
Q

wernicke’s area function

A
  • recognition of spoken and written language
  • creates a plan for speech
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3
Q

angular gyrus function

A

processes text and numbers into something we can process

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4
Q

broca’s area function

A
  • generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheek, lip muscles for phonation
  • transmits info to primary motor cortex for action
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5
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

left in 95% of right handed people and 60% of left handed people

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6
Q

inferior parietal lobule function

A

integrate sensory information of different modalities (tactile, auditory, visual)

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7
Q

cranial nerves involved in speech and hearing

A
  • CNV (trigeminal)
  • CNVII (facial)
  • CNVIII (vestibulocochlear)
  • CNIX (glossopharyngeal)
  • CNX (vagus)
  • CNXI (accessory)
  • CNXIII (hypoglossal)
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8
Q

CNV (trigeminal) function in speech and hearing

A
  • sensory: face sinuses, teeth
  • motor: muscles of mastication
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9
Q

muscles of mastication

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
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10
Q

CNVII (facial) function in speech and hearing

A

motor: muscles of the face

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11
Q

CNVIII (vestibulocochlear) function in speech and hearing

A

sensory: inner ear

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12
Q

CNIX (glossopharyngeal) function in speech and hearing

A
  • motor: pharyngeal musculature
  • sensory: posterior part of tongue, tonsil, pharynx
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13
Q

CNX (vagus) function in speech and hearing

A

motor: heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

CNXI (accessory) function in speech and hearing

A

motor: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

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15
Q

CNXIII (hypoglossal) function in speech and hearing

A

motor: muscles of the tongue

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16
Q

because speech is voluntary, it is part of the ?

A

pyramidal system

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17
Q

is speech voluntary

A

yes

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18
Q

visual information in the right peripheral field is processed in the ?

A

left hemisphere

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19
Q

visual information in the left peripheral field is processed in the ?

A

right hemisphere

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20
Q

most people are ? dominant for language

A

left

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21
Q

what does it mean to be left dominant for language

A

language is perceived and produced by the left hemisphere

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22
Q

speech in response to hearing

A
  1. information transmitted via arcuate fasciculus
  2. interpretation of words in wernicke’s area
  3. reception of sound signal by auditory area 41
  4. activation of broca’s area for word formation
  5. to motor cortex that control speech muscles
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23
Q

arcuate fasciculus

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A

a bundle of axons that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

24
Q

hearing to speech pathway

25
reading out loud pathway converts ? to ?
graphemes; phonemes
26
graphemes
written symbol that represents a sound
27
phoneme
smallest unit of sound within a word
28
reading out loud can improve ?
memory
29
production effect
pronouncing words can create a memorable experience
30
reading out loud pathway
-visual images transmitted via retinogeniculate pathway to lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus - travel to visual cortex (calcerine sulcus) via geniculocalcarine tract (visual processing) - info from subdominant to dominant hemisphere via corpus callosum - visual picture from occipital lobe to angular gyrus (phonological processing) - angular gyrus to wernickes area (language comprehension) - auditory passage to broca's motor area via arcuate fasciculus (speech pattern production) - pattern to primary motor cortex for muscle activation
31
orthographic processing
recognizing whether each letter string in a sentence represents a real or pseudoword
32
phonological processing
conversion of graphemes to phonemes
33
aphasia
an acquired communication disorder that causes problems with speaking, listening, reading, writing
34
aphasia causes
- stroke - head injury (tbi) - brain tumors - infection - dementia - occlusion of the middle cerebral artery
35
types of aphasia
- wernicke's aphasia - broca's aphasia - conduction/associative aphasia
36
wernicke's aphasia
- issues with speech comprehension - comprehension and expression are equally impaired - unable to understand written or spoken language - normal grammar, syntax, rate, intonation but cannot meaningfully express themselves - have anosognosia and paraphasias
37
broca's aphasia
- issues with speech production - output to the primary motor cortex vocalization muscles - loss of ability to produce language, or speech is labored and non-fluent
38
middle cerebral artery 4 segments
- M1 sphenoid/horizontal segment - M2 lateral/insular segment - M3 opercular segment - M4 cortical segment
39
M1 sphenoid/horizontal segment
- ICA to bifurcation - originates at the terminal bifurcation of the internal carotid artery - courses laterally parallel to the sphenoid ridge - terminates at the genu adjacent to the limen insulae or at the main bifurcation
40
M2 lateral/insular segment
- sylvian fissure - originates at the genu/limen insulae or the main bifurcation - courses posterosuperiorly in the insular cleft - terminates at the circular sulcus of insula, where it makes a right angle to hairpin turn
41
M3 opercular segment
- outside lateral fissure - originates at the circular sulcus of the insula - courses laterally along the frontoparietal operculum - terminates at the external/superior surface of the Sylvian fissure
42
M4 cortical segment
- cortigal segments - originates at the external/top surface of the Sylvian fissure - courses superiorly on the lateral convexity - terminates at their final cortical territory
43
cortical branches
- all frontal gyri, postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobe - supplied by cortical branches of MCA
44
deep branches from M1
lateral lenticulostriate arteries supply the external capsule, lentiform nucleus, caudate
45
anosognosia
lack of awareness of their communication problems
46
paraphasias
substitutes one word for another
47
pathopathophysiology
motor/expressive aphasia
48
conduction/associative aphasia
- connection between wernicke's and broca's area is compromised/damaged - intact auditory comprehension, fluent speech, but poor speech repetition - conduit d'approche
49
conduit d'approche
repetitive effort to find the correct word
50
dysarthia
- speech disorders caused by impaired control of the muscles responsible for speech - caused by damage in the tracts that connect motor neurons to speech muscles
51
? disruption causes mild or transient dysarthria
unilateral
52
? disruption causes persisting dysarthria
bilateral
53
upper motor neurons (type of nervous system and location of nuclei)
- CNS - motor cortex
54
lower motor neurons (type of nervous system and location of nuclei)
- PNS - pons and medulla
55
speech dysarthria can be classified by ?
location of lesion causing the disorder
56
agnosia
- inability to recognize objects, people, shapes, sounds, or smells - no significant memory loss
57
auditory agnosia
- inability to differentiate or recognize sounds - damage in the auditory association areas - speech comprehension is severely compromised - language skills (reading, writing, speaking) are retained

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