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BRS > Large bowel > Flashcards

Large bowel Flashcards

1
Q

Function of large bowel?

A

Reabsorption of electrolytes and water, elimination of undigested food and waste.

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2
Q

What artery supplies the proximal transverse colon?

A

Middle colic artery.

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3
Q

What artery supplies the distal third of transverse colon?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery.

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4
Q

What is the longitudinal muscle in colon called?

A

Taeniae coli.

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5
Q

What are the pouched segments in colon called?

A

Haustra.

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6
Q

What causes haustra?

A

Taenia coli are short.

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7
Q

What ion moves passively into the colon?

A

Potassium.

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8
Q

How is the rectum different to the colon?

A

Rectum has transverse rectal folds in its submucosa and doesn’t have taenia coli.

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9
Q

What is the anal canal surrounded by?

A

Internal and external sphincters.

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10
Q

What kind of muscle is present in the internal sphincter on the anal canal?

A

Circular muscle.

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11
Q

What kind of muscle is present in the external sphincter on the anal canal?

A

Striated muscle.

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12
Q

What cells are present in the large bowel?

A

Enterocytes and goblet cells.

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13
Q

How is mucosa in large bowel different?

A

No villi present.

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14
Q

What cell is dominant in the crypts of large bowel?

A

Goblet cell.

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15
Q

What stimulates goblet cell secretion?

A

Acetylcholine.

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16
Q

What are on the apical domain of goblet cells?

A

Mucus-filled secretion granules.

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17
Q

What cells are present in small intestine but not large bowel?

A

Paneth cells.

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18
Q

What is the surface of microvilli covered with?

A

Glycocalyx.

19
Q

Structure of taenia coli?

A

Three bands of longitudinal muscle.

20
Q

Muscularis externa structure in large bowel?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle. Outer longitudinal muscle is called taenia coli.

21
Q

What part of the large bowel don’t have haustra?

A

Rectum and anal canal.

22
Q

What’s important about haustra?

A

Can contract individually.

23
Q

What motility occurs in the proximal colon?

A

Antipropulsive patterns dominate to retain chyme.

24
Q

What are colonic contractions like? Why is it like this?

A

Minimally propulsive to allow for absorption of electrolytes and water.

25
Q

What contractions occur in transverse and descending colon?

A

Segmental contractions of circular muscle called haustral contractions.

26
Q

What kind of contractions occur in mass movement?

A

Peristalsis.

27
Q

During mass movement what helps rapid transport through colon?

A

Fibre.

28
Q

What parasympathetic nerve innervates ascending colon and transverse colon.

A

Vagus nerve.

29
Q

What parasympathetic nerve innervates distal colon?

A

Pelvic nerves.

30
Q

What nerves control external anal sphincter?

A

Somatic motor fibres in the pudendal nerves.

31
Q

What ganglia is concentrated below taenia coli?

A

Myenteric plexus.

32
Q

What does aldosterone do to the large bowel?

A

Promotes sodium and water absorption (synthesis of Na+ ion channel, Na+/K+ pump).

33
Q

What part of the spinal cord controlls defecation reflex?

A

Sacral.

34
Q

What anal sphincter is under voluntary control?

A

External anal sphincter.

35
Q

How does defecation occur?

A

Distension of walls of rectum. Pressure receptors send signals via myenteric plexus to initiate peristaltic waves in descending, sigmoid colon and rectum. Internal anal sphincter inhibited. External anal sphincter under voluntary control.

36
Q

What gives faeces its odour?

A

Bacterial fermentation.

37
Q

What gives faeces its colour?

A

Bile pigments.

38
Q

What does intestinal flora do?

A

Synthesize and excrete vitamins. Prevent colonization by pathogens by competing for space or essential nutrients.Production of substances which inhibit or kill pathogenic bacteria. Stimulate development of lymphatic tissue.

39
Q

Why can antibodies produced against components of the normal flora be beneficial?

A

Can crossreact with certain related pathogens, and thereby prevent infection or invasion.

40
Q

Fibre broken down by colonic bacteria results in what?

A

Produces short chain fatty acids which can regulate gut hormone release, or be absorbed to be used as an energy source.

41
Q

Types of flora present in large bowel?

A

Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria.

42
Q

What kind of bacteria are bacteroides?

A

Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria.

43
Q

What kind of bacteria are Bifidobacteria?

A

Gram positive, anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria.

44
Q

What bacteria part of gut flora are involved in colitis and colon cancer?

A

Bacteroides.

BRS (52 decks)

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