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BRS > Cardiovascular disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of body.

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2
Q

What marker is used for heart failure?

A

Ejection fraction.

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3
Q

What is a mildly reduced ejection fraction?

A

Ejection fraction between 41% and 49%.

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4
Q

What is a reduced ejection fraction?

A

Ejection fraction < 40%.

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5
Q

What can cause heart failure?

A

Cardiac damage (ischaemia), hypertension and valve disease.

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6
Q

Symptoms of heart failure?

A

Exertional dyspnoea.

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7
Q

What biomarker for heart failure?

A

Elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).

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8
Q

What would you see on an xray of a patient with heart failure?

A

Cardiomegaly.

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9
Q

Treatment for heart failure?

A

ACE inhibitors, beta blockers.

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10
Q

What might you see in an ECG for a patient with heart failure?

A

Enlarged QRS complex.

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11
Q

What is a preserved ejection fraction?

A

Ejection fraction > 50%

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12
Q

What are the two types of heart failure?

A

Diastolic heart failure (preserved ejection fraction) and systolic heart failure (reduced ejection fraction).

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13
Q

What can be seen in the ventricles in systolic heart failure?

A

Dilated ventricles.

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14
Q

What can be seen in the ventricles in diastolic heart failure?

A

Thickened ventricular muscle.

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15
Q

Symptoms of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

A

Tachycardia & abnormal cardiac electrical conductance

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16
Q

What causes atrial fibrilation?

A

Spontaneously active cells throughout the atria.

17
Q

What causes Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

A

Additional accessory conduction pathway (the bundle of Kent) between the atria and ventricles.

18
Q

Symptoms of atrial fibrilation and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

A

Palpitations & chest pain.

19
Q

ECG findings in atrial fibrilation?

A

Absent p-waves & ‘irregularly irregular’ rhythm.

20
Q

ECG findings in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

A

QRS pre-excitation & biphasic T wave.

21
Q

What causes QRS pre excitation in WPW syndrome?

A

Current from extra accessory pathway which causes ventricular depolarisation before you get ventricular depolarisation from AVN.

22
Q

What causes biphasic t wave in WPW syndrome?

A

Depolarisation from extra accessory pathway when repolarisation is occuring in the ventricles.

23
Q

Treatments for atrial fibrilation?

A

Cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics.

24
Q

What causes heart blocks?

A

Damage to conduction system.

25
Q

What would you see on the ECG on a first degree heart block?

A

Increased P-R interval.

26
Q

What would you see on the ECG on a second degree heart block?

A

Increased P-R interval or ‘missing’ QRS complexes.

27
Q

What would you see on the ECG on a third degree heart block?

A

No QRS complexes.

28
Q

Treatment for heart blocks?

A

Discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs (e.g. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) or pacemaker implantation in severe cases

29
Q

Hypertension blood pressure reading?

A

BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg

30
Q

What is normal blood pressure reading?

A

Normal blood pressure level is less than 120/80 mmHg.

31
Q

NSTEMI ECG reading?

A

ST-depression.

32
Q

STEMI ECG reading?

A

ST-elevation.

33
Q

What biomarker is present in STEMI and NSTEMI?

A

High troponin levels.

34
Q

Difference between STEMI and NSTEMI in terms of cause?

A

STEMI is caused by complete blockage of coronary artery while NSTEMI is caused by partial blockage.

35
Q

How do you treat angina?

A

Vasodilators.

36
Q

How do you treat NSTEMI or STEMI?

A

Coronary stents, antiplatelets.

37
Q

NSTEMI/STEMI symptoms?

A

chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

38
Q

ECG changes would you expect to see in hypertrophy of the left ventricle?

A

Larger QRS complex.

BRS (52 decks)

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