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BRS > GI cancers > Flashcards

GI cancers Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary cancer?

A

Cancer cells arise directly from the cells in an organ.

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2
Q

What is a secondary cancer?

A

Cancer cells spread from another organ. Another name for metastases.

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3
Q

What are the first 3 hallmarks of cancers?

A

Sustaining proliferative signalling. Evading growth suppressors. Activating invasion and metastasis.

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4
Q

What is an Adenocarcinoma?

A

Cancer originating in glandular epithelium tissue.

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5
Q

What is a cancer of the squamous epithelium called?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma.

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6
Q

What are neuroendocrine tumours?

A

Tumour of enteroendocrine cell origin.

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7
Q

What are gastrointestinal stromal tumours?

A

Interstitial cells of cajal tumours.

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8
Q

What is a smooth muscle cancer called?

A

Leiomyosarcomas

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9
Q

What is an adipose tissue cancer called?

A

Liposarcomas.

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10
Q

Where are interstitial cells of cajal found?

A

Muscularis.

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11
Q

Criteria for whether screening should be conducted for a disease?

A

There should be an accepted treatment for the disease. There should be a suitable test or examination. The condition should be an important health problem.

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12
Q

2 screening tests for colorectal cancer?

A

Faecal immunochemical test (FIT) and a one-off sigmoidoscopy.

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13
Q

What does faecal immunochemical test detect?

A

Haemoglobin in faeces.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of doing a one-off sigmoidoscopy for cancer screening?

A

Remove polyps to reduce future risk of cancer.

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15
Q

Why is a sigmoidoscopy done and not a full colonoscopy?

A

Polyps are more commonly found in the sigmoid and rectum.

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16
Q

Who is eligible for an upper endoscopy done to screen for oesophageal cancer?

A

Individuals with barret’s oesophagus or dysplasia in oesophagus.

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17
Q

Who is eligible for a hepatocellular cancer screen?

A

Individuals with cirrhosis.

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18
Q

How is screening done for hepatocellular cancer?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein test, regular ultrasound.

19
Q

Why is a biopsy of a cancer done?

A

Provides histologic typing - what type of cell does the cancer come from. Provides molecular typing - what mutations do the cells have. Provides tumour grade.

20
Q

Pathologist role in cancer MDT

A

Confirms diagnosis of cancer using biopsy sample.

21
Q

Why are radiological investigations for cancer done?

A

Provides radiological tumour stage. Provides re-staging after treatment. Interventional radiology.

22
Q

What system is used to evaluate cancer stage?

A

T - Tumour size
N - Lymph node involvement
M - Metastases present

23
Q

What interventional radiology is done for cancer?

A

Percutaneous biopsies.

24
Q

How would you treat a blockage caused by a cancer?

A

Use of a stent.

25
Q

What member of the MDT coordinates the overall cancer treatment plan?

A

Oncologist.

26
Q

What is chemotherapy that happens before surgery called?

A

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

27
Q

What is chemotherapy that happens after surgery called?

A

Adjuvant chemotherapy.

28
Q

What part of the oesophagus can you develop squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Upper 2/3

29
Q

What part of the oesophagus can you develop adenocarcinoma?

A

Lower 1/3

30
Q

How to adenocarcinomas develop in the distal oesophagus?

A

Squamous epithelium becomes collumnar epithelium

31
Q

What term is used to describe cancer that begins in cells that have changed into another cell type?

A

Metaplastic.

32
Q

Who is at increased risk of an adenocarcinoma in the oesophagus?

A

Individuals with Barrett’s oesophagus.

33
Q

Oesophageal cancer late stage symptom?

A

Dysphagia - difficult swallowing.

34
Q

What investigations are done to stage oesophageal cancer and gastric cancer?

A

CT scan, PET CT scan, laparascopy and endoscopy ultrasound.

35
Q

What increases your risk of gastric cancer?

A

Chronic gastritis, pernicious anaemia, partial gastrectomy.

36
Q

What infections increase risk of gastric cancer?

A

H.pylori and epstein-barr virus.

37
Q

How does H.pylori increase risk of gastric cancer?

A

Causes acid overproduction.

38
Q

How does a partial gastrectomy increase risk of gastric cancer?

A

Bile reflux.

39
Q

Gastric cancer symptoms?

A

Dyspepsia (upper abdominal discomfort after eating). Weight loss and abdominal mass on examination.

40
Q

What conditions can gastric cancer cause?

A

Anaemia.

41
Q

What surgery is done if tumour is present at oesophago-gastric junction?

A

oesophago gastrectomy - removal of oesophagus.

42
Q

What surgery is done if tumour is present close to the oesophago-gastric junction?

A

Total gastrectomy.

43
Q

What surgery is done if tumour is present in the body of the stomach?

A

Subtotal gastrectomy.

BRS (52 decks)

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