New thorax Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
How is the heart positioned in the thoracic cavity?
A
Apex of the heart projects forward and inferiorly to the left.
2
Q
In an anterior view on the heart, what are the two surfaces of the heart present?
A
Anterior surface, right pulmonary surface.
3
Q
What is another name for the anterior surface of the heart?
A
Sternocostal surace.
4
Q
When looking at an inferior view of the heart what surfaces of the heart are present?
A
Diaphragmatic (part of heart that rests on the diaphragm). Base of heart. Left pulmonary surface.
5
Q
Where is the base of the heart?
A
Posterior portion of the heart. Positioned superiorly and mostly made up of left atrium.
6
Q
What structure resides posteriorly to the base of the heart?
A
Oesophagus.
7
Q
What are the 2 sulci that seperate the heart into 4 chambers?
A
Coronary sulcus and interventricular sulcus.
8
Q
What are the tendon cords connected to the cusps of the tricuspid valve?
A
Chordae tendineae.
9
Q
What do the papillary muscles do?
A
They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole.
10
Q
3 cusps of tricuspid valve?
A
Anterior, septal and posterior cusp.
11
Q
What can cause valve prolapse?
A
Necrosis of papillary muscle following a myocardial infarction.
12
Q
Area of thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs?
A
Mediastinum.
13
Q
Anatomical position of mediastinum?
A
Extends from the sternum & costal cartilages to the bodies of the vertebrae.
From superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm.
14
Q
Two components of pericardium?
A
Fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium.
15
Q
What nerve innervates the fibrous pericardium?
A
Phrenic nerve.
16
Q
What vertebrae do the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve come from?
A
C3-C5.
17
Q
2 layers of serous pericardium?
A
Parietal layer, visceral layer (epicardium).
Parietal layer lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. Visceral layer of serous pericardium adheres to the heart.
18
Q
Cavity in-between serous pericardium is called?
What does it contain?
A
Pericardial cavity. Contains fluid.
19
Q
Three blood vessels that arise from the superior border of the aortic arch?
A
Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.
20
Q
What blood vessels join to form the superior vena cava?
A
Internal jugular veins, and the subclavian veins form brachiocephalic veins which form the superior vena cava
21
Q
What atria can’t be seen from an anterior view?
A
Left atrium.
22
Q
How many ribs are there?
A
12 on each side.
23
Q
What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?
A
External intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle.
24
Q
3 parts of the sternum?
A
Manubrium, body of the sternum and xiphoid process.
25
The anterior/distal end of ribs consist of?
Costal cartilage.
26
What are true ribs?
Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum.
27
What ribs are your true ribs?
1-7.
28
What are false ribs?
Articulates with the inferior margins of the costal cartilages superiorly.
29
What ribs are your false ribs?
8-10.
30
What ribs are your floating ribs?
11-12.
31
What makes up the superior thoracic aperture?
T1, first rib, manubrium of the sternum.
32
What is contained in the vertebral foramen?
Spinal cord + meningeal layers.
33
How many facets do most ribs articulate with?
3.
34
What do facets on the transverse costal facet articulate with?
Tubercles of the ribs.
35
What costal facets present on most vertebrae?
Superior costal facet, inferior costal facet and transverse costal facet.
36
What does the superior costal facet articulate with?
Articulates with part of the head of its own rib
37
What does the inferior costal facet articulate with?
Articulates with part of the head of the rib below.
38
How is the costal facet arrangement different in T11 and T12?
Lack transverse costal facets.
39
Which thoracic vertebrae contain entire facets rather than demi facets?
T1, T10,T11,T12.
40
Joint that seperates manubrium from body of sternum?
Sternal angle.
41
What does the 1st costal cartilage articulate with?
Manubrium.
42
What does the 2nd costal cartilage articulate with?
Sternal angle.
43
What costal cartilages articulate with the body of the sternum?
3-7.
44
At the head of the rib the two articular surfaces are seperated by what structure?
Crest.
45
What is the costal groove and what does it contain?
Inferior margin of ribs. Neurovascular bundle for intercostal muscle.
46
Why can the nerve in a neurovascular bundle for intercostal muscles be most likely to get damaged compaired to vein and artery?
It's the most inferior structure and is least protected by the costal groove.
47
Most superficial intercostal muscles?
External intercostal muscles.
48
What direction do external intercostal muscles move in?
Inferiomedially
49
What direction do internal intercostal muscles move in?
Superiomedially.
50
What direction do innermost intercostal muscles move in?
Superiomedially.
51
What 2 structures penetrate the diaphragm?
Oesophagus and inferior vena cava.
52
What structure passes posterior to the diaphragm?
Aorta.
53
What thoracic vertebrae is the caval hiatus at?
T8.
54
What thoracic vertebrae is the oesophageal hiatus at?
T10.
55
What thoracic vertebrae is the aortic hiatus?
T12.
56
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve.
57
Blood supply of diaphram?
Lowest 5 intercostal arteries, inferior phrenic arteries, superior phrenic arteries
58
What membrane adheres to the lungs?
Visceral pleura.
59
Structures that pass through caval hiatus?
Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve.
60
Structures that pass through oesophageal hiatus?
Oesophagus
Right and left vagus nerves
Oesophageal branches of
left gastric artery and vein
61
Structures that pass through aortic hiatus?
Descending aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein
62
Thoracic duct drainage?
Junction between Left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein.
63
What is the excess pleura present inferiorly after expiration?
Costodiaphragmatic recess and costomediastinal recess.
64
What do you call it when you have air in the pleural cavity?
Pneumothorax.
65
What do you call it when you have excess fluid in the pleural cavity?
Pleural effusion.
66
Acronym to remember organisation of bronchus and vessels in hilum of left lung?
ABV
67
Acronym to remember organisation of bronchus and vessels in hilum of right lung?
BAV
68
When looking at a posterior view of the lungs how do you differentiate left and right lung?
Left lung has groove of aortic arch and groove of thoracic aorta. Left lung has cardiac notch.
69
What lung is larger?
Right.
70
What is the lowest cartilage ring in the trachea called?
Carina.
71
What shape are the cartilage rings in the trachea?
C-shaped.
72
Fissures present in right lung?
Oblique and horizontal fissure.
73
Fissures present in left lung?
Oblique fissure.
74
Diaphgram origin and insertion?
Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments.
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 (attach directly to ribs 11-12).
Xiphoid process of the sternum.
Central tendon
75
What does the transverse thoracis muscle do?
Role in force expiration. Depresses ribs. Proprioceptive function.
76
Serratus posterior anterior function?
Elevation of ribs. Proprioception.
77
Serratus posterior inferior function?
Depression of ribs. Proprioception.
78
Origin and insertion of latissimus dorsi?
Origin - Spinous processes of T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and the inferior three ribs.
Insertion - intertubercular sulcus of humerus.
79
Trapezius motor innervation?
Accesory nerve.
80
Trapezius origin and insertion?
Skull, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-12.
Clavicle and spine of scapula.
81
Motor innervation of trapezius?
Accessory nerve.
82
Trapezius function?
Elevation, rotation, retraction and depression of the scapula
83
Latissimus dorsi origin and insertion?
Spinous processes of T6-T12, and the inferior three ribs.
Fibres converge into a tendon that attaches to the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
84
Motor innervation of latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve.
85
Latissimus dorsi function?
Extension, adduction and medial rotation of the upper limb
86
Levator scapulae origin and insertion?
Transverse processes of the C1-C4 vertebrae
Medial border of the scapula
87
Levator scapulae motor innervation?
Dorsal scapular nerve
88
Levator scapulae function?
Elevation of the scapula
89
Rhomboid major origin and insertion?
Spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae
Medial border of the scapula, between the scapula spine and inferior angle
90
Rhomboid major motor innervation?
Dorsal scapular nerve.
91
Rhomboid major function?
Retracts and rotates the scapula
92
Rhomboid minor origin and insertion?
Spinous processes of C7-T1 vertebrae.
Medial border of the scapula, at the level of the spine of scapula
93
Rhomboid minor motor innervation?
Dorsal scapular nerve.
94
Rhomboid minor function?
Retracts and rotates the scapula
95
Which nerve innervates the serratus posterior superior and inferior muscles?
Intercostal nerves
96
Which nerve innervates serratus anterior muscle?
Long thoracic nerve
97
Origin and insertion of serratus posterior superior muscle?
lower part of the ligamentum nuchae, and the cervical and thoracic spines (usually C7 – T3)
ribs 2-5
98
Origin and insertion of serratus posterior inferior?
thoracic and lumbar spines (usually T11 – L3)
ribs 9-12
99
Origin and insertion of serratus anterior?
Anterior portions of first 8 ribs
medial border of scapula
100
Origin and insertion of pectoralis minor?
Anterior surfaces of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces
Coracoid process of scapula
101
Subclavius origin and insertion?
Rib I at junction between rib and costal cartilage.
Groove on inferior surface of middle third of clavicle.
102
Pectoralis major origin and insertion?
Medial half of clavicle and anterior surface of sternum, first seven costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique.
Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus.
103
Pectoralis major innervation?
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves.
104
Subclavius innervation?
Nerve to subclavius.
105
Pectoralis minor innervation?
Medial pectoral nerves.
106
Pectoralis major function?
Adduction, medial rotation, and flexion of the humerus at the shoulder joint.
107
Subclavius function?
Pulls clavicle medially to stabilize sternoclavicular joint; depresses tip of shoulder.
108
Pectoralis minor function?
Depresses tip of shoulder; protracts scapula.
109
Serratus anterior function?
Holds scapula against ribcage to prevent 'winging' of the inferior angle of the scapula.
110
Spinotransversales and Erector spinae muscle direction?
Superiolaterally.
111
Transversospinales muscle direction?
Superiomedially.
112
What makes up the spinotransversales muscle group?
Splenius capitis. Splenius colli.
113
What do the spinotransversales muscles do?
Contract unilaterally and rotate head to the same side. e.g if muscles on right contract, head rotates right.
114
What makes up the Erector spinae muscle group?
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis.
115
What do the erector spinae muscles do?
Unilaterally laterally flex the vertebral column. Bilaterally extend the vertebral column and head.
116
What do the transversospinales muscles do?
Unilateral contraction rotates the body to the opposite site.
117
What makes up the transversospinales muscle group?
Semispinalis thoracis and multifidus muscle.
118
Splenius capitis origin and insertion?
Lower aspect of the ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of C7 – T3/4 vertebrae.
Mastoid process and the occipital bone.
119
Innervation of Splenius capitis?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves C3 and C4
120
Splenius cervicis oriign and insertion?
Spinous processes of T3-T6 vertebae
Transverse processes of C1-3/4
121
Innervation of splenius cervicis?
Posterior rami of the lower cervical spinal nerves.
122
What innervates the errector spinae muscle group?
Posterior rami of the spinal nerves.
123
Where is the superficial cardiac plexus?
Arch of the aorta
124
What nerves forms the superficial cardiac plexus?
Formed by branches from the left and right vagus nerves (parasympathetic), and branches from T1-T4 portions of the sympathetic trunk.
125
What do the right and left internal thoracic arteries branch from?
Right and left subclavian arteries respectively.
126
What supplies the posterior intercostal arteries?
Thoracic aorta.
127
What veins form the azygos vein?
Right ascending lumbar vein and right subcostal vein.
128
What does the supreme intercostal vein drain?
1st right intercostal vein.
129
What does the supreme intercostal vein drain into?
Right brachiocephalic vein.
130
What does the left superior intercostal vein drain?
Upper intercostal veins on the left.
131
What does the left superior intercostal vein drain into?
Left brachiocephalic vein.
132
What forms the thoracic duct?
Cisterna chyli.
133
Superior mediastinum superior and inferior borders?
Superior - thoracic aperture
Inferior - sternal angle.
134
Anterior mediastinum anterior and posterior borders?
Sternum and pericardium of heart.
135
Middle mediastinum anterior and posterior borders?
Anterior and posterior border of pericardium of heart.
136
Posterior mediastinum anterior and posterior borders?
Posterior border of pericardium and thoracic vertebrae.
137
What does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
Right subclavian vein.
138
What anchors the anterior surface of the pericardium to to the back of the sternum?
Sternopericardial ligaments
139
Apart from axillary lymph nodes what drains lymph from breast?
prepericardial and parasternal lymph node groups
140
Lateral borders of infeior mediastinum?
Parietal pleura of each lung
141
What drains the intercostal vein?
Supreme intercostal vein.
