Thorax

Question 1

What space in you chest is your heart located?

Answer 1

Middle mediastinum.

Question 2

What is the heart contained in?

Answer 2

Pericardial sac.

Question 3

What are the two layers that make up the pericardial sac?

Answer 3

Fibrous and serous layer.

Question 4

What is the serous layer of the pericardium made up of? What are they attached to?

Answer 4

Parietal (lines fibrous layer) and visceral (adheres to the heart).

Question 5

What circulations do the two pumps in the heart pump to?

Answer 5

Pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Question 6

Blood entering right atrium comes from what blood vessels?

Answer 6

Superior and inferior vena cava.

Question 7

What is another name for the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 7

Pulmonary artery.

Question 8

What does the pulmonary trunk divide into?

Answer 8

Left and right pulmonary artery.

Question 9

What are the 3 branches that emerge from the aortic arch?

Answer 9

Brachiocephalic trunk. Left common carotid artery. Left subclavian artery.

Question 10

What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?

Answer 10

Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery.

Question 11

What two veins join to form the superior vena cava?

Answer 11

The left and right brachiocephalic vein

Question 12

What forms the brachiocephalic veins?

Answer 12

Internal jugular vein in neck and subclavian vein​.

Question 13

What are the 3 cusps that make up the tricuspid valve called?

Answer 13

Anterior, septal and posterior.

Question 14

What are the tendons attached to valve cusps? What muscles are these tendons attached to?

Answer 14

Chordae tendineae. Papillary muscles.

Question 15

What do papillary muscles prevent?

Answer 15

Valve prolapse or inversion.

Question 16

What is valve prolapse?

Answer 16

Valve cusps close but bulge upwards.

Question 17

Why in the aortic valve there are 2 openings in the wall of the aorta?

Answer 17

To supply coronary arteries with oxygenated blood.

Question 18

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 18

12

Question 19

How many pairs of ribs are there?

Answer 19

12

Question 20

What is the body of the vertebrae?

Answer 20

Anterior portion.

Question 21

How many transverse processes are there on each vertebrae?

Answer 21

2.

Question 22

How many spinous processes are there on each vertebrae?

Answer 22

1

Question 23

Facets on the body of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with what part of the rib? What are these facets called?

Answer 23

Heads of ribs. Superior and inferior costal facets

Question 24

Facets on the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with what part of the rib? What is this facet called?

Answer 24

Tubercles of ribs. Transverse costal facet.

Question 25

What pairs of the thoracic ribs reach the sternum?

Answer 25

1-7

Question 26

Why are ribs 8–10 known as false ribs?

Answer 26

They don't connect to sternum individually. Instead, costal cartilage anchors them to the ribs above them.

Question 27

Why are ribs 11-12 known as floating ribs?

Answer 27

They lack anterior attachment to the sternum. Articulations with vertebral column via head and tubercle only.

Question 28

What are the 3 main parts of the sternum?

Answer 28

Manubrium, body and xiphoid.

Question 29

What part of the sternum does the 1st costal cartilage attach to?

Answer 29

Manubrium.

Question 30

What part of the sternum does the 2nd costal cartilage attach to?

Answer 30

Sternal angle.

Question 31

What part of the sternum does the 3-7 costal cartilages attach to?

Answer 31

Body of sternum.

Question 32

What part of the sternum does the 8-10 costal cartilages attach to?

Answer 32

They don't directly attach to sternum. They attach to the costal cartilages of the ribs above them.

Question 33

What part of the sternum does the 11-12 costal cartilages attach to?

Answer 33

No anterior attachment at all to the sternum​. - Floating ribs.

Question 34

What makes up the thoracic inlet?

Answer 34

1st thoracic vertebra, 1st ribs, manubrium.

Question 35

Another name for thoracic inlet?

Answer 35

Superior thoracic apeture.

Question 36

What closes off the inferior thoracic apeture?

Answer 36

Diaphgram.

Question 37

What makes up the inferior thoracic apeture?

Answer 37

12 thoracic vertebrae, floating ribs, costal margin and xiphoid process.

Question 38

What direction are the external intercostal muscles traveling in?

Answer 38

Inferiomedially. Down and towards the midline of chest.

Question 39

What direction are the internal intercostal muscles traveling in?

Answer 39

Superiomedially. Upwards and towards the midline of the chest.

Question 40

What direction are the innermost intercostal muscles traveling in?

Answer 40

Superiomedially. Upwards and towards the midline of the chest.

Question 41

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

Answer 41

Pull ribcage up and out during forced inspiration. Increases thoracic volume.

Question 42

What do internal intercostal muscles do?

Answer 42

Pull ribcage downwards during forced expiration.

Question 43

Where is the costal groove?

Answer 43

Groove that is at the inferior margin of the body of the rib.

Question 44

What fills the intercostal space of the rib cage?

Answer 44

Intercostal muscle.

Question 45

What separates intercostal vein, artery nerve from the parietal pleura?

Answer 45

Endothoracic fascia.

Question 46

What do costal grooves protect?

Answer 46

Neurovascular bundle.

Question 47

Why are nerves in the intercostal space more likely to get damaged compared to arteries and veins?

Answer 47

Nerve is most inferior in the neurovascular bundle. A lot of the times nerve isn't protected by costal groove and so is susceptible to damage.

Question 48

What is fascia?

Answer 48

Thin casing of connective tissue.

Question 49

What is the order from superior to inferior in a neurovascular bundle in the intercostal space?

Answer 49

Vein, artery, nerve.

Question 50

Where are the collateral branches of intercostal nerve and vessels anatomically?

Answer 50

Superior border of the inferior rib.

Question 51

When inserting a needle in the thoracic cavity is it better to insert the needle at the superior or inferior border of a rib?

Answer 51

Superior as hitting the collateral branches of a neurovascular bundle is better than hitting a bundle.

Question 52

What do the intercostal neurovascular bundles supply?

Answer 52

Intercostal muscles lying in the space adjacent to which they run. Also supply skin at that intercostal region.

Question 53

Where is the transverse thoracic muscle?

Answer 53

Inner surface of anterior chest wall.

Question 54

What does the transverse thoracic muscle do?

Answer 54

Muscle that assists with forced expiration as it depresses the ribs. Involved in proprioception of ribcage.

Question 55

Where are the serratus posterior muscles located?

Answer 55

On your back.

Question 56

What are the two serratus posterior muscles?

Answer 56

Serratus posterior superior and Serratus posterior inferior.

Question 57

What landmark defines superior and inferior mediastinum?

Answer 57

Sternal angle.

Question 58

What landmarks define anterior mediastinum?

Answer 58

Body of sternum and pericardium of the heart.

Question 59

What landmarks define middle mediastinum?

Answer 59

Anterior and posterior border of pericardium.

Question 60

What landmarks define inferior mediastinum?

Answer 60

Posterior border of pericardium and thoracic vertebrae.

Question 61

What part of the mediastinum is the aortic arch present?

Answer 61

Superior mediastinum.

Question 62

Where landmark do the trachea bifurcate at?

Answer 62

Sternal angle.

Question 63

What vertebrae levels make up the superior mediastinum?

Answer 63

T1 TO T4.

Question 64

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 64

Junction between left internal jugular and left subclavian vein.

Question 65

What hiatus does the thoracic duct ascend through?

Answer 65

Aortic hiatus.

Question 66

Where does the azygous vein drain?

Answer 66

Superior vena cava.