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BRS > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What space in you chest is your heart located?

A

Middle mediastinum.

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2
Q

What is the heart contained in?

A

Pericardial sac.

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3
Q

What are the two layers that make up the pericardial sac?

A

Fibrous and serous layer.

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4
Q

What is the serous layer of the pericardium made up of? What are they attached to?

A

Parietal (lines fibrous layer) and visceral (adheres to the heart).

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5
Q

What circulations do the two pumps in the heart pump to?

A

Pulmonary and systemic circulation.

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6
Q

Blood entering right atrium comes from what blood vessels?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava.

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7
Q

What is another name for the pulmonary trunk?

A

Pulmonary artery.

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8
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk divide into?

A

Left and right pulmonary artery.

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9
Q

What are the 3 branches that emerge from the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk. Left common carotid artery. Left subclavian artery.

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10
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?

A

Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery.

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11
Q

What two veins join to form the superior vena cava?

A

The left and right brachiocephalic vein

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12
Q

What forms the brachiocephalic veins?

A

Internal jugular vein in neck and subclavian vein​.

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13
Q

What are the 3 cusps that make up the tricuspid valve called?

A

Anterior, septal and posterior.

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14
Q

What are the tendons attached to valve cusps? What muscles are these tendons attached to?

A

Chordae tendineae. Papillary muscles.

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15
Q

What do papillary muscles prevent?

A

Valve prolapse or inversion.

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16
Q

What is valve prolapse?

A

Valve cusps close but bulge upwards.

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17
Q

Why in the aortic valve there are 2 openings in the wall of the aorta?

A

To supply coronary arteries with oxygenated blood.

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18
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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19
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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20
Q

What is the body of the vertebrae?

A

Anterior portion.

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21
Q

How many transverse processes are there on each vertebrae?

A

2.

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22
Q

How many spinous processes are there on each vertebrae?

A

1

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23
Q

Facets on the body of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with what part of the rib? What are these facets called?

A

Heads of ribs. Superior and inferior costal facets

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24
Q

Facets on the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with what part of the rib? What is this facet called?

A

Tubercles of ribs. Transverse costal facet.

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25
Q

What pairs of the thoracic ribs reach the sternum?

A

1-7

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26
Q

Why are ribs 8–10 known as false ribs?

A

They don’t connect to sternum individually. Instead, costal cartilage anchors them to the ribs above them.

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27
Q

Why are ribs 11-12 known as floating ribs?

A

They lack anterior attachment to the sternum. Articulations with vertebral column via head and tubercle only.

28
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body and xiphoid.

29
Q

What part of the sternum does the 1st costal cartilage attach to?

A

Manubrium.

30
Q

What part of the sternum does the 2nd costal cartilage attach to?

A

Sternal angle.

31
Q

What part of the sternum does the 3-7 costal cartilages attach to?

A

Body of sternum.

32
Q

What part of the sternum does the 8-10 costal cartilages attach to?

A

They don’t directly attach to sternum. They attach to the costal cartilages of the ribs above them.

33
Q

What part of the sternum does the 11-12 costal cartilages attach to?

A

No anterior attachment at all to the sternum​. - Floating ribs.

34
Q

What makes up the thoracic inlet?

A

1st thoracic vertebra, 1st ribs, manubrium.

35
Q

Another name for thoracic inlet?

A

Superior thoracic apeture.

36
Q

What closes off the inferior thoracic apeture?

A

Diaphgram.

37
Q

What makes up the inferior thoracic apeture?

A

12 thoracic vertebrae, floating ribs, costal margin and xiphoid process.

38
Q

What direction are the external intercostal muscles traveling in?

A

Inferiomedially. Down and towards the midline of chest.

39
Q

What direction are the internal intercostal muscles traveling in?

A

Superiomedially. Upwards and towards the midline of the chest.

40
Q

What direction are the innermost intercostal muscles traveling in?

A

Superiomedially. Upwards and towards the midline of the chest.

41
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

A

Pull ribcage up and out during forced inspiration. Increases thoracic volume.

42
Q

What do internal intercostal muscles do?

A

Pull ribcage downwards during forced expiration.

43
Q

Where is the costal groove?

A

Groove that is at the inferior margin of the body of the rib.

44
Q

What fills the intercostal space of the rib cage?

A

Intercostal muscle.

45
Q

What separates intercostal vein, artery nerve from the parietal pleura?

A

Endothoracic fascia.

46
Q

What do costal grooves protect?

A

Neurovascular bundle.

47
Q

Why are nerves in the intercostal space more likely to get damaged compared to arteries and veins?

A

Nerve is most inferior in the neurovascular bundle. A lot of the times nerve isn’t protected by costal groove and so is susceptible to damage.

48
Q

What is fascia?

A

Thin casing of connective tissue.

49
Q

What is the order from superior to inferior in a neurovascular bundle in the intercostal space?

A

Vein, artery, nerve.

50
Q

Where are the collateral branches of intercostal nerve and vessels anatomically?

A

Superior border of the inferior rib.

51
Q

When inserting a needle in the thoracic cavity is it better to insert the needle at the superior or inferior border of a rib?

A

Superior as hitting the collateral branches of a neurovascular bundle is better than hitting a bundle.

52
Q

What do the intercostal neurovascular bundles supply?

A

Intercostal muscles lying in the space adjacent to which they run. Also supply skin at that intercostal region.

53
Q

Where is the transverse thoracic muscle?

A

Inner surface of anterior chest wall.

54
Q

What does the transverse thoracic muscle do?

A

Muscle that assists with forced expiration as it depresses the ribs. Involved in proprioception of ribcage.

55
Q

Where are the serratus posterior muscles located?

A

On your back.

56
Q

What are the two serratus posterior muscles?

A

Serratus posterior superior and Serratus posterior inferior.

57
Q

What landmark defines superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Sternal angle.

58
Q

What landmarks define anterior mediastinum?

A

Body of sternum and pericardium of the heart.

59
Q

What landmarks define middle mediastinum?

A

Anterior and posterior border of pericardium.

60
Q

What landmarks define inferior mediastinum?

A

Posterior border of pericardium and thoracic vertebrae.

61
Q

What part of the mediastinum is the aortic arch present?

A

Superior mediastinum.

62
Q

Where landmark do the trachea bifurcate at?

A

Sternal angle.

63
Q

What vertebrae levels make up the superior mediastinum?

A

T1 TO T4.

64
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Junction between left internal jugular and left subclavian vein.

65
Q

What hiatus does the thoracic duct ascend through?

A

Aortic hiatus.

66
Q

Where does the azygous vein drain?

A

Superior vena cava.

BRS (52 decks)

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