Large Intestines

Question 1

what are the different parts of the large intestine?

Answer 1

caecum, colon and rectum

Question 2

what is the part of the caecum?

Answer 2

appendix

Question 3

what are the different parts of the colon?

Answer 3

ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

Question 4

what is the appendix made of?

Answer 4

inflammatory cells

Question 5

what does the caecum do?

Answer 5

holds faecal material of which 60% is bacteria

Question 6

what is the hepatic flexure?

Answer 6

a bend of the colon at the liver

Question 7

what is the splenic flexure?

Answer 7

a bend of the colon at the spleen

Question 8

what is the taenia coli?

Answer 8

the band of tissue running down the middle of the colon

Question 9

what are haustra?

Answer 9

the dips in between the pouches of the colon

Question 10

what are appendices epiploicae?

Answer 10

fatty tags that have no function and are around the taenia coli sometimes

Question 11

describe the internal sphincter, what type of muscle it is made of and what function it is

Answer 11

cannot control it, smooth muscle, lets you know when you need to go to the toilet

Question 12

describe the external sphincter and what type of muscle it is made of

Answer 12

under voluntary control from the age of 2 years as it does not develop when a baby is born, made of skeletal muscle

Question 13

what is the ileo-caecal junction?

Answer 13

junction between caecum and ascending colon

Question 14

what does the ileo-caecal junction do?

Answer 14

allows chyme to pass from small intestine to large intestine

Question 15

what leads off from the caecum?

Answer 15

the appendix

Question 16

what is the basic structure of the large intestine?

Answer 16

epithelium, intestinal crypts and mucosal glands

Question 17

what type of epithelium is present in the large intestine?

Answer 17

simple columnar with goblet cells

Question 18

what are the differences of large intestines to small intestines

Answer 18

no villi, incomplete layer of longitudinal muscle, taenia coli, ring-like arrangement of circular muscle, haustrae

Question 19

what can damage to the epithelium cause?

Answer 19

polyps

Question 20

what happens once a high grade polyp goes down to the submucosa?

Answer 20

it becomes cancer an it spreads

Question 21

what is an intestinal crypt?

Answer 21

a dip in the epithelium

Question 22

why do the large intestines have so many goblet cells?

Answer 22

because faecal material is being made

Question 23

what is the function of the colon?

Answer 23

absorption

Question 24

what does the colon absorb?

Answer 24

fluid and electrolytes from the small intestine chyme

Question 25

what does failure to reabsorb result in?

Answer 25

diarrhoea

Question 26

what are the roles of intestinal flora?

Answer 26

ferment dietary fibre and lipid, gases produced, synthesise some vitamins (vitamin B and K)

Question 27

what are abscesses typically caused by?

Answer 27

anaerobic bacteria

Question 28

how can antibiotics cause diarrhoea

Answer 28

they change the gut flora

Question 29

what does vitamin B12 do?

Answer 29

makes sure the nerves are working properly

Question 30

what does vitamin K do?

Answer 30

it is essential for blood clotting

Question 31

where is the main places that the large intestine squeezes chyme

Answer 31

the caecum and ascending colon

Question 32

what are the movements like in large intestine motility?

Answer 32

propulsive and mixing

Question 33

what is the function of peristalsis in the large intestin

Answer 33

it propels semi-solid faecal matter towards rectum

Question 34

where does short range peristalsis take place?

Answer 34

the transverse and descending colon

Question 35

what do mass movements do?

Answer 35

move chyme/faces from proximal colon to distal colon

Question 36

when do mass movements take place?

Answer 36

after meals

Question 37

what happens to chyme once the water gets taken out?

Answer 37

it becomes faeces

Question 38

what is the rectum and internal anal sphincter controlled by?

Answer 38

the autonomic nervous system

Question 39

what happens in an ileostomy?

Answer 39

the problem area is taken out and the ileum is brought out onto the surface (now called stoma)

Question 40

what happens in a colostomy

Answer 40

bring colon out onto abdominal wall which can be reversed depending on the condition

Question 41

what is diarrhoea

Answer 41

failure of fluid absorption

Question 42

what does diarrhoea result in?

Answer 42

dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Question 43

what is diarrhoea mainly caused by?

Answer 43

G.I.T infections

Question 44

what is constipation due to?

Answer 44

increased fluid absorption and can be a side effect of some drugs e.g. opiates