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Alimentary System BDS1 > Pharynx and Oesophagus > Flashcards

Pharynx and Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pharynx

A

muscular tube from the base of the skull to the oesophagus

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2
Q

what does the pharynx do?

A

conducts air and directs food to oesophagus

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3
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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4
Q

what is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

respiratory function

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5
Q

what is the nasolacrimal duct?

A

connects your eyes to your nose so when you are crying you need to blow your nose

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6
Q

what does the opening of the auditory tube do?

A

equalises pressure between mouth and the middle of the ear

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7
Q

what are the most anterior set of tonsils?

A

tubal tonsils

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8
Q

what sits behind tubal tonsils?

A

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

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9
Q

where are the palatal tonsils?

A

right at the back of the mouth

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10
Q

what are tubal and pharyngeal tonsils collections of?

A

inflammatory cells

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11
Q

what is the function of the oropharynx?

A

digestive function

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12
Q

what is the superior part of the oropharynx?

A

soft palate

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13
Q

what is the inferior part of the oropharynx?

A

the base of the tongue (epiglottis)

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14
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis?

A

flaps down to protect windpipe when swallowing

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15
Q

where is the palatoglossal fold?

A

joined to palate and tongue and is towards the front of the mouth

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16
Q

where is the palatopharyngeal fold?

A

joined to palate and pharynx and sits further back in the mouth

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17
Q

what does Waldeyers ring consist of?

A

tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, palatal tonsils

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18
Q

what is the superior part of the laryngopharynx?

A

epiglottis

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19
Q

what is the inferior part of the laryngopharynx?

A

level of cricoid cartilage (below thyroid cartilage)

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20
Q

what is the piriform fossa?

A

indentation at the back of the throat

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21
Q

where is the superior constrictor muscle?

A

goes from one side to the other underneath the mandible

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22
Q

what is the structure of the pharynx?

A

superior constrictor, middle constrictor, hyoid bone and inferior constrictor

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23
Q

what cranial nerves supply the pharynx?

A

9 (glossopharyngeal) and 10 (vagus)

24
Q

what is the nerve supply to the pharynx?

A

motor and sensory

25
Q

what nerve supplies the motor function of the pharynx?

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

26
Q

what nerve supplies the sensory function of the pharynx?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

27
Q

what is otitis?

A

middle ear infection

28
Q

what can otitis be caused by?

A

infections at the back of the throat which moves up

29
Q

what type of infection is tonsillitis?

A

viral but can be bacterial if pus is present

30
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

muscular tube in between the pharynx and the stomach

31
Q

where does the oesophagus lie?

A

the neck, thorax and the abdomen

32
Q

what is the oesophagus posterior to?

A

the trachea and the heart

33
Q

what type of sphincter is the upper oesophageal sphincter and what is it controlled by?

A

anatomical ad controlled by muscle

34
Q

what does the lower oesophageal sphincter do and what type of sphincter is it?

A

it kinks to stop reflux and is a physiological sphincter for function and orientation

35
Q

what is the type of epithelium in the oesophagus?

A

stratified squamous (non-keratinising)

36
Q

what type of glands are in the oesophagus?

A

submucosal glands (mucous)

37
Q

what are the muscle layers in the oesophagus?

A

muscularis mucosae (circular inner and longitudinal outer)

38
Q

what is the muscle type in the upper third of the oesophagus?

A

skeletal

39
Q

what is the muscle type in the middle third of the oesophagus?

A

mixed

40
Q

what is the muscle type in the lower third of the oesophagus?

A

smooth

41
Q

what lies underneath the mucosa of the oesophagus?

A

lymphoids (inflammatory tissue)

42
Q

what is the gastro-oesophageal junction?

A

junction between stomach and oesophagus

43
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

change in epithelium from one type to another, reversible

44
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

more cell death, higher mitotic activity, pre-cancerous stage

45
Q

what is G.O.R.D?

A

gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder

46
Q

what are the 2 roles of swallowing?

A

get food to stomach and prevent food from entering the airway

47
Q

describe the oral phase of swallowing

A

move food posteriorly, some can pass onto pharyngeal surface of tongue, liquid remains in the mouth in front of pillars

48
Q

describe the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

oro- to laryngopharynx, soft palate raises, depression of epiglottis, contraction of vocal folds, relaxation of upper oesophageal sphincter

49
Q

what is the first step of swallowing in the oesophageal phase?

A

upper oesophageal sphincter constricts and blous passes forward

50
Q

what is the second step of swallowing in the oesophageal phase?

A

peristalsis drives bolus down oesophagus which constricts above bolus and dilates and shortens below

51
Q

what is the third step of swallowing in the oesophageal phase?

A

lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes to admit bolus to stomach

52
Q

what is dysphagia?

A

neuromuscular disease which means you have difficulty swallowing

53
Q

what obstructions can there be in dysphagia?

A

srictures, spasm, tumours and developmental abnormalities

54
Q

what is the first variation of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

oesophagus comes down and stops, lower ending joins to trachea, stomach acid rises and goes to trachea, lots of coughing, 90% of cases

55
Q

what is the second variation of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

ending of oesophagus, food and fluid cannot pass and continual vomiting whenever eating as food and fluid cant go to stomach

56
Q

what is the third variation of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

oesophagus goes all the way down but linked to trachea, no vomiting, repeated chest infections, not picked up straight away

Alimentary System BDS1 (7 decks)

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