Learning and memory

Question 1

H.M. received a bilateral temporal lobectomy for treatment of chronic epilepsy.

The surgery left him unable to form

N…… L……-term M…………………….

Answer 1

New

Long

Memories

Question 2

Learning is the process of

A…………………….

new information, the outcome of which is

M………………….

Answer 2

Acquiring

Memory

Question 3

Learning has many stages, including

E…………………….

(acquisition and consolidation),

S……………………. and

R………………………

Answer 3

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

Question 4

S……………………… memory

lasts only seconds at most

Answer 4

Sensory

Question 5

S……-T…………… memory

lasts seconds to minutes

Answer 5

Short-Term

Question 6

L……….-T……….. memory

lasts days to years.

Answer 6

Long-Term

Question 7

Echoic memory is sensory memory for

A……………………..

Answer 7

Audition

Question 8

Iconic memory is sensory memory for

V…………….

Answer 8

Vision

Question 9

W…………………. memory

extends the concept of short-term memory: it contains information that can be acted on and

P…………………………,

not merely maintained by

R……………………..

Answer 9

Working

Processed

Rehearsal

Question 10

The central executive mechanism of the working memory system is the command-and-control center that presides over the interactions between

the P…………………. L…………. and

the V……………….. S…………… P…………

in the Baddeley-Hitch model.

Answer 10

Phonological Loop

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

Question 11

The phonological loop is a hypothesized mechanism for

A……………………………

encoding information in

W……………………….. memory

Answer 11

Acoustically

Working

Question 12

The visuospatial sketch pad is a

S…….-T……….. M……………. store

that permits information storage in either purely

V…………….. or V………………………….

codes.

Answer 12

Short-Term Memory

Visual

Visuospatial

Question 13

Long-term memory is split into two divisions:

D…………………… and N………………………….

Answer 13

Declarative

Nondeclarative

Question 14

Declarative memory is knowledge that we can

C…………………………. access,

including

P………………………………… and

W………….. knowledge.

Answer 14

Consciously

Personal

World

Question 15

Nondeclarative memory is knowledge that we cannot consciously access, such as

M………………… and C……………………….

skills, and other behaviors derived from

C………………………………..,

H……………………….. or

S……………………………….

Answer 15

Motor

Cognitive

Conditioning

Habituation

Sensitization

Question 16

Declarative memory can be further broken down into

E………………… and S………………….. memory.

Answer 16

Episodic

Semantic

Question 17

Episodic memory involves

C………………… awareness of

P……….. E………………..;

it is our personal,

A…………………………….. memory.

Answer 17

Conscious

Past Events

Autobiographical

Question 18

Semantic memory is the

W………….. K………………………..

that we remember in the

A……………………..

of any recollection of the specific circumstances surrounding its learning.

Answer 18

World Knowledge

Absence

Question 19

P……………………. memory

is a form of nondeclarative memory that involves the learning of a variety of

M…………… and C………………… skills.

Answer 19

Procedural

Motor

Cognitive

Question 20

Other forms of nondeclarative memory include

perceptual P…………………..,

C………………….. responses and

N……………………….. learning.

Answer 20

Priming

Conditioned

Nonassociative

Question 21

R……………………….. amnesia

is the loss of memory for events that happened in the past

(E……………………… memory)

and is one of the hallmarks of late-stage

A……………………..’s disease.

Answer 21

Retrograde

Episodic

Alzheimer

Question 22

A………………………….. amnesia

is the loss of the ability to form new memories, as in the case of H.M.

Answer 22

Anterograde

Question 23

Episodic memory requires an intact

M……………….. T………………… lobe

(primarily the H…………………………)

and related structures, such as the midline

D……………………………

Answer 23

Medial Temporal

Hippocampus

Diencephalon

Question 24

Damage to the temporal lobe outside of the hippocampus can produce the loss of

E……………………. memory

even while the ability to acquire new memories remains

I……………………

Answer 24

Episodic

Intact

Question 25

Patients with amnesia retain the ability to learn new information, particularly

N………………………………….. memories

(procedural memory, perceptual priming, and conceptual priming), but sometimes even

S……………………………. K……………………………..

may be learned.

Answer 25

Nondeclarative

Semantic Knowledge

Question 26

The A…………………………..

is not a crucial part of the system for episodic memory, but it is important for

E…………………………….. memory.

Answer 26

Amygdala

Emotional

Question 27

Functional-MRI evidence suggests that the hippocampus is involved in

E………………….. and R………………………..

for episodic memories that are recollected, while areas outside the hippocampus, especially the

E………………………….. cortex,

support recognition based on

F……………………………

Answer 27

Encoding

Retrieval

Entorhinal

Familiarity

Question 28

N…………………………………..

has confirmed the neural basis of memory demonstrated by animal and lesion studies and has provided some notable new findings, including, for example, evidence that the hippocampus and surrounding

P…………………………………. and

E……………………………… cortices

may play different roles in memory, supporting different forms of recognition memory.

Answer 28

Neuroimaging

Parahippocampal

Entorhinal

Question 29

In Hebbian learning, if a

S……………………….

is active when a

P…………………………….

neuron is active, the synapse will be strengthened.

Answer 29

Synapse

Postsynaptic

Question 30

Long-term potentiation is the long-term

S…………………………..

of a synapse.

Answer 30

Strengthening

Question 31

NMDA receptors are central to

P…………………….

LTP but not to

M…………………………… it.

Answer 31

Producing

Maintaining