Sensation and perception

Question 1

Much of the brain is involved in the representation of information acquired from the different

S……………………………

receptors.

Answer 1

Sensory

Question 2

Signal transduction from sound wave to neuronal signal begins at the

E………………………….

Answer 2

Eardrums

Question 3

S……………………….

are processed in the hair cells and basilar membrane of the

C……………………………

sends its information in the form of neuronal signals to the inferior colliculus and the cochlear nucleus.

Answer 3

Signals

Cochlea

Question 4

Information then travels to the medial geniculate nucleus of the

T……………………

and on to the

P……………………..

auditory cortex.

Answer 4

Thalamus

Primary

Question 5

Sound localization is aided by the processing of differences in

interaural T………………..

and interaural S……………..

intensity, which are each coded

S…………………………..

in the brain.

Answer 5

Time

Sound

Separately

Question 6

Signal T……………………

from odorant to neuronal signal begins when the odorant attaches to an odor receptor in the olfactory

E…………………………

Answer 6

Transduction

Epithelium

Question 7

The signal in then sent to the

O……………………… B………………..

through the olfactory nerve, which synapses on the primary olfactory cortex.

Answer 7

Olfactory

Bulb

Question 8

Signals are also relayed to the

O……………………… cortex,

a secondary olfactory processing area.

Answer 8

Orbitofrontal

Question 9

The P……………………….. O………………… C………………………..

is important for detecting a change in

E………………………… odor.

Answer 9

Primary Olfactory Cortex

External

Question 10

The secondary olfactory cortex is important for identifying

the S………………….. I…………………………

Answer 10

Smell

Itself

Question 11

Similar to the importance of sampling sound from two ears, we use our two nostrils to obtain different

O……………………….. S………………………..,

varying the rate of air flow through each nostril and thus altering the rate of

A……………………………….

Answer 11

Olfactory Samples

Absorption

Question 12

The anatomical proximity and neural interactions between

O………………………….. cortex

and the L………………….. system

likely account for why smells can trigger vivid memories.

Answer 12

Olfactory

Limbic

Question 13

The olfactory pathway is the only sensory pathway that does

N……… S…………. I…………………………….

to the thalamus.

Answer 13

Not send information

Question 14

Gustation and olfaction are known together as the

C…………………………. S…………………….

because the initial response is to molecules (chemicals) in the environment.

Answer 14

Chemical Senses

Question 15

The five basic tastes are

S………………….., sour,

B………………………, sweet,

and U………………………

Answer 15

Salty

Bitter

Umami

Question 16

The perception of more complex tastes arises from the complex cortical processing of these individual tastes in areas of the brain such as

the S…………………….. G……………………….. C…………………..

in the O…………………………region.

Answer 16

Secondary Gustatory Cortex

Orbitofrontal

Question 17

Orbitofrontal cortex is also involved in processing the reward value of

F…………..

and the resulting

M…………………………..

to eat food.

Answer 17

Food

Motivation

Question 18

Corpuscles located in the skin respond to somatosensory information such as

T……………………..,

P…………………………, and

T……………………………….

Answer 18

Touch

Pressure

Temperature

Question 19

Nociceptors (free nerve endings) respond to

P……………………. I……………………………

Answer 19

Pain

Information

Question 20

Nerve cells at the junctions of muscles and tendons provide

P…………………………….. information.

Answer 20

Propioceptive

Question 21

P………………………. S…………………… C……………… (S1)

contains a homunculus of the body, with the more sensitive regions encompassing relatively larger areas of cortex.

Answer 21

Primary

Somatosensory

Cortex

Question 22

Bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) receives sensory information from

B……………. S……………………

of the body, allowing for cross talk of sensory information.

Answer 22

Both Sides

Question 23

Photoreceptors

(R………….. and C……………..

in the retina translate light into neural signals.

Answer 23

Rods

Cones

Question 24

The three types of

C………………….

are sensitive to different regions of the visible spectrum and are used for

C………………….. P………………………….

Answer 24

Cones

Color

Perception

Question 25

Rods are very sensitive even under low levels of illumination but are

N……….. C…………………… S…………………………..

Answer 25

Not Color Sensitive

Question 26

The F…………………..,

at the center of the retina, is densely packed with

C…………………;

the P……………………….

of the retina contains

mostly R…………………

Answer 26

Fovea

Cones

Periphery

Rods

Question 27

Light hits the retina and travels within the retina from rod or cone to bipolar cell to

G………………….. C………………..

Answer 27

Ganglion Cell

Question 28

The O………………….. N…………………

is formed from the axons of the ganglion cells, some of which decussate at the

O……………….. C………………….

Answer 28

Optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Question 29

Visual cortex is made up of many distinct regions, which carry out

S……………………….. P……………………….

functions.

Answer 29

Specialized Processing

Question 30

Cells in area

……………

are sensitive to color information

and cells in V5 are sensitive to

M…………………. I………………………

Answer 30

V4

Motion Information

Question 31

A…………………………..,

the inability to perceive color results from lesions to areas in and around human V4.

However, these regions do not just represent color, but also are important for

S………………… P………………….

Color is one

A……………………

that facilitates the perception of shape.

Answer 31

Achromatopsia

Shape Perception

Attribute

Question 32

Akinetopsia, the inability to

P………………… M………………..

results from lesions to area

……… (human MT).

Answer 32

Process Motion

V5

Question 33

Superior C……………….. lesions

impair the ability of an animal to orient toward the position of a stimulus (which is important for

S…………………….. O…………………….. ).

Answer 33

Colliculus

Spatial

Orientation

Question 34

In some cases, patients with lesions of the visual cortex

exhibit B……………………..,

the ability to locate the position of a stimulus even when they are unaware of its presence.

Answer 34

Blindsight

Question 35

Blindsight may occur because the information reaching

the S…………………….. C…………………….

is sufficient to indicate position or extrastriate regions are activated

W…………..

input from the primary visual cortex.

Answer 35

Superior

Colliculus

Without

Question 36

Some areas of the brain, such as the superior colliculus and superior temporal sulci, process information from more than one sensory modality, integrating the

M…………………… I…………………..

to increase

the S…………………… and A…………………..

of perception.

Answer 36

Multimodal Information

Sensitivity

Accuracy

Question 37

When multisensory information is presented coincidently in time and

S……………………….,

the multisensory neural response is

E………………………..

Answer 37

Space

Enhanced

Question 38

When multisensory information

I…. N…….. P…………………….

coincidently in time and space, the multisensory neural response is

D……………………………

Answer 38

Is not presented

Depressed

Question 39

People with synesthesia experience a mixing of the senses, like

colored H…………………,

colored G……………………., or

colored T………………

Answer 39

Hearing

Graphemes

Taste

Question 40

The stimulus that triggers synesthesia is

the I…………………..,

and the synesthesic response is

the C…………………….

Answer 40

Inducer

Concurrent

Question 41

There is some debate about where along the processing stream synesthesia is processed

–either early (P………………………..)

or late (P…………………………..).

Answer 41

Preconsciously

Postconsciously

Question 42

Following sensory deprivation, the function of sensory regions of the cortex may become reorganized, or exhibit what is called

P……………………….

For instance, in blind individuals, areas of the brain that are usually involved in visual function may become part of

the S…………………………. C……………………..

Answer 42

Plasticity

Somatosensory Cortex