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neuroscience > Methods of cognitive neuroscience > Flashcards

Methods of cognitive neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive psychology focuses on understanding how

O…………………… or I……………………..

are represented in the brain and how these representations are

M………………………….

A

Objects

Ideas

Manipulated

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2
Q

Fundamental goals of cognitive psychology include

I…………………………

the mental operations that are required to perform cognitive tasks and exploring the

L………………………….

in task performance.

A

Identifying

Limitations

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3
Q

C…………………………….. M……………………

are used to stimulate neural networks in order to ask questions about cognitive processes and to generate

P……………………

that can be tested in future research.

A

Computer

Models

Predictions

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4
Q

Single-cell

R…………………….

allows neurophysiologists to record from individual neurons in the animal brain in order to understand how

I…………………………. and D…………………………

in the activity of neurons correlate with simulation of one of the senses or behavior.

A

Recording

Increases

Decreases

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5
Q

With multiunit recording, the activity of hundreds of cells can be recorded at the same

T…………..

A

Time

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6
Q

Brain lesions, either naturally occurring

(in H……………………..)

or experimentally derived

(in A…………………….),

allow experimenters to test hypotheses concerning the functional role of the damaged brain region.

A

Humans

Animals

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7
Q

Gene

K…………………………

technology allows scientists to explore the consequences of the lack of expression of a

S…………………….

gene in order to determine its role in

B…………………………….

A

Knockout

Specific

Behavior

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8
Q

C…………………….

tomography (CT or CAT) uses

………-rays

to image the structure of the brain.

A

Computed

X

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9
Q

M…………………………… R…………………….. I…………………

(MRI) exploits the magnetic properties of the organic tissue of the brain in order to image its structure. The

S………………..

resolution of MRI is

S…………………….

to CT.

A

Magnetic

Resonance

Imaging

Spatial

Superior

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10
Q

Diffusion T…………………. imaging

(DTI), performed with magnetic resonance scanners, is used to measure

W…………………..

matter pathways in the brain.

A

Tensor

White

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11
Q

Angiography is used to evaluate the

C……………………

system in the brain.

A

Circulatory

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12
Q

T……………………

can cause neurological symptoms either by damaging neural tissue or by producing abnormal pressure on spared cortex and cutting off its blood supply.

A

Tumors

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13
Q

There are three major types of brain tumors:

G…………………….

originate in glial cells; meningiomas originate in the

M………………….; and

M…………………….. tumors

originate in a noncerebral structures and are carried to the brain after invading the bloodstream.

A

Gliomas

Meninges

Metastasic

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14
Q

Degenerative disorders include

H………………………… disease,

P……………………………. disease,

A…………………………… disease,

and AIDS-related D…………………………..

A

Huntington’s

Parkinson’s

Alzheimer’s

Dementia

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15
Q

Neurological

T……………………

can result in damage at the site of the blow (coup) or at the site

O…………………….

the blow because of reactive forces

(C…………………….)

A

Trauma

Opposite

Countercoup

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16
Q

Certain brain regions such as the

O…………………………..

cortex are especially prone to damage from trauma.

A

Orbitofrontal

17
Q

Epilepsy is characterized by

E…………………… and A………………………….

patterned activity in the brain.

A

Excessive

Abnormally

18
Q

Intractable epilepsy can be relieved by surgery

to R………………………..

the focal region causing the epilepsy, or

to D………………………..

the two hemispheres of the brain to limit the spread of the epilepsy via callosotomy.

A

Remove

Disconnect

19
Q

In deep-brain stimulation, electrodes are

I…………………………..

in the brain to relieve conditions like

P………………………. disease.

A

Implanted

Parkinson’s

20
Q

In fetal brain transplants, fetal neurological tissue is transplanted into an

A……………………. brain

in order to replace neurons

D……………………..

by diseases like Parkinson’s.

A

Adult

Damaged

21
Q

In stem cell implantation, undifferentiated cells are implanted into the brain or

S…………………. C…………..

The cells can differentiate into

N………………………..,

providing a mechanism to replace those that were damaged by trauma or disease –for instance, in spinal cord injury.

A

Spinal Cord

Neurons

22
Q

Research involving patients with neurological disorders is used to examine

S…………….-F…………………….

relationships.

A

Structure

Function

23
Q

Single and double

D……………………………

can provide evidence that damage to a particular brain region may result in a selective deficit of a certain

C…………………… operation.

A

Dissociations

Cognitive

24
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) utilizes

M……………………. P…………………….

to transiently alter local brain physiology.

A

Magnetic

Pulses

25
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG) measures the

E………………………….

activity of the brain.

A

Electrical

26
Q

The EEG signal includes

E……………………………..

changes in electrical activity, as well as changes triggered by specific events (e.g., stimuli or movements).

A

Endogenous

27
Q

An event-related P……………….. (ERP)

is a change in electrical activity that is

T…………..-L…………………

to specific events, such as the presentation of a stimulus or the onset of a response

A

Potential

Time-Locked

28
Q

When the events are repeated many times, the relatively

S……………………

changes in neural activity

t…………………..

by these events can be observed by

A……………………..

of the EEG signals.

A

Small

Triggered

Averaging

29
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures the

M…………………….. S………………….

generated by the brain.

A

Magnetic

Signals

30
Q

The spatial

R……………………………

can be superior because magnetic signals are minimally distorted by organic tissue such as the brain or skull.

A

Resolution

31
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET) measures

M………………………

activity in the brain by monitoring the distribution of a

R……………………….. T…………………………..

A

Metabolic

Radioactive

Tracer

32
Q

The PET scanner measures the

P……………..

that are produced during

D………………..

of the tracer.

A

Photons

Decay

33
Q

A popular tracer is

……….

because it decays

R…………………..

and the

D………………………..

of oxygen increases to neural regions that are active.

A

O₁₅

Rapidly

Distribution

34
Q

F………………………… magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

utilizes MRI to track

B…………………… F…………………

changes in the brain, which are thought to be correlated with local changes in neuronal activity.

A

Functional

Blood

Flow

35
Q
A

neuroscience (12 decks)

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