Lec. 1 - Principles of Physiology

Question 1

deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

Answer 1

Physiologist

Question 2

Subdisciples of Physiology

Answer 2

• Comparative physiology
• Environmental Physiology
• Evolutionary Physiology
• Developmental Physiology
• Cell Physiology

Question 3

species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

Answer 3

Comparative Physiology

Question 4

examines organisms in the context of the environments they
inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

Answer 4

Environmental Physiology

Question 5

techniques of evolutionary biology and systematics are used to understand the evolution of organisms

Answer 5

Evolutionary Physiology

Question 6

how physiological processes unfold during the course of organism development (from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood)

Answer 6

Developmental Physiology

Question 7

vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves
- can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and
organ systems

Answer 7

Cell Physiology

Question 8

what does cell Physiology understands?

Answer 8

• physiological response of; organs, tissue and organ systems

Question 9

Central themes of physiology

Answer 9

1. Structure/Function Relationship
2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, Acclimation
3. Homeostasis

Question 10

Function is based on structure

Answer 10

structure/function relationships

Question 11

How does structure-function relationship is clear in shape of bird wing?

Answer 11

Aerodymanic efficiency

Question 12

four-chambered stomach with large rumen

Answer 12

Ruminant herbivore

Question 13

Short intestine and colon, small cecum

Answer 13

Carnivore

Question 14

Physiology of an organism is very well matched to the environment it occupies, thereby ensuring its survival

Answer 14

Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation

Question 15

evolution through natural selection leading to an organism whose
physiology, anatomy, and behavior are
matched to the demands of its environment

• Generally irreversible

Answer 15

Adaptation

Question 16

genetically based, passed on from generation to generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection

Answer 16

Physiological and anatomic adaptations

Question 17

physiological, biochemical, or anatomic
change within an individual animal during its
life that results from an animal’s chronic
exposure in its native habitat to new,
naturally occurring environmental condition
•animal in migrate to high altitude

Answer 17

Acclimatization

Question 18

changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or
in the wild by an investigator
•animal placed in hypobaric chamber

Answer 18

Acclimation

Question 19

Regulation of homeostasis is accomplished
through the _____ and ____ systems

Answer 19

• nervous
• endocrine

Question 20

antagonistic
hormones that help maintain glucose
homeostasis

Answer 20

Insulin and Glucagon

Question 21

has clusters of endocrine cells

Answer 21

Pancreas

Question 22

Endocrine cells are called

Answer 22

islets of Langerhans

Question 23

produce glucagon

Answer 23

alpha cells

Question 24

produce insulin

Answer 24

Beta cells

Question 25

Hypoinsulinism

Answer 25

Diabetes mellitus

Question 26

insulin-dependent diabetes

Answer 26

Type I diabetes mellitus

Question 27

- autoimmune disorder - usually appears in childhood

Answer 27

Type I diabetes mellitus

Question 28

Treatment for Type I diabetes

Answer 28

insulin injections

Question 29

non-insulin-dependent diabetes

Answer 29

Type II diabetes mellitus

Question 30

usually due to target cells having a decreased responsiveness to insulin - usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age

Answer 30

Type II diabetes mellitus

Question 31

accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases

Answer 31

Type II diabetes mellitus

Question 32

the ability of selected organisms to lose almost all water and enter a state of reversible ametabolism

Answer 32

Anhydrobiosis

Question 33

Basic components of homeostatic control system

Answer 33

1. Receptor 2. Control center 3. Effector 4. Feedback 5. Conformity and Regulations

Question 34

*when an organism is confronted with changes in its environment

Answer 34

Conformity and regulation

Question 35

environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions

Answer 35

Conformers

Question 36

biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes

Answer 36

regulators

Question 37

maintain ion concentrations of body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice versa

Answer 37

Osmoregulators