Lec 6 : Photosynthesis Flashcards
1
Q
Consumers
A
Heterotrophs (Animals)
2
Q
Get their energy from “eating others”
A
Heterotrophs
3
Q
How does heterotrophs make energy?
A
Through respiration
4
Q
Formula of heteretrophs (respiration)
A
C6H12O6+O2 -> 6CO2+ H2O + ATP
Gluclose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + energy
5
Q
Produce their own energy (from self)
A
Autotrophs
6
Q
making energy & organic molecules from light energy
A
Autotrophs
7
Q
Formula for Autotrophs (photosynthesis)
A
6CO2+ H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6+O2
Carbond dioxide + water + light energy - > Glucose + oxygen
8
Q
What does it mean to be a plant
A
Need to;
- collect light energy
- store light energy
- need to get building blocks of atoms
- produce all organic molecules
9
Q
Building blocks of atoms from the environment needed to get by plants
A
- C,H,O,N,P,K,S,Mg
10
Q
Why plants need to produce all organic molecules?
A
For growth
11
Q
Organic molecules needed to be produce by plant
A
- Carbohydrate
- Protein
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
12
Q
Plant structures for obtaining raw materials
A
- Leaves
- Stomates
- Roots
13
Q
the structure for Sunlight , solar collectors
A
Leaves
14
Q
the structure for CO2, gas exchange
A
Stomates
15
Q
the struture for H2O uptake
A
roots
16
Q
the structure for nutrients uptake
A
Roots
17
Q
Nutrients uptake from roots
A
- N, P, K, S, Mg, Fe
18
Q
contain chlorophyll
A
Chloroplast
19
Q
Components of Chloroplast
A
- Stroma
- Thylakoid sacs
- Grana stacks
20
Q
fluid-filled interior
A
Stroma
21
Q
pouch-like sacs
A
Thylakoid sacs
22
Q
stacks of thylakoid discs
A
Grana stacks
23
Q
Components of Thylakoid membrane
A
- Chlorophyll molecules
- ETC
- ATP synthase
24
Q
the membrane located inside the chloroplast
A
Thylakoid Membrane
25
Where does photosynthesis happen?
Choloroplast
26
Types of Photosynthesis reactions
- Light reactions
- Calvin cycle
27
Also known as light-independent reaction?
Calvin cycle
28
Where does ETC respiration happens?
- Mitochondria, uses electron carrier NADH
29
Where does ETC photosynthesis happens?
- Chloroplasts, uses electron carrier NADPH
30
transfer chemical energy from food molecules into chemical energy of ATP
Mitochondria
31
transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP
Chloroplasts
32
- convert solar energy to chemical energy
- ATP & NADPH
energy conversion reactions
33
uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to reduce CO2 & synthesize C6H12O6
Sugar building reactions
34
- embedded in thylakoid membrane
- arranged in Photosystem
- Structure-function relationship
Chlorophyll and other pigments
35
It is the collection of molecules
Photosystem
36
Photosynthesis gets energy by absorbing wavelengths of light
Light: Absorption spectra
37
absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green
Chlorophyll a
38
By definition it is the other pigments with different structures help absorb light of different wavelengths
Accessory pigments
39
Examples of accessory pigments
- Chlorophyll b
- Carotenoids
- Xantophyll
40
Absorbs light at slightly different wavelengths than chlorophyll a
Chlorphyll b
41
Absorb blue-green wavelengths
Carotenoids
42
- Absorb blue or blue-green light
- transfer the energy to chlorophylls
Xanthophylls
43
2 Photosystem in Thylakoid membrane
- Photosystem II
- Photosystem I
44
absorbs 680nm
wavelength red light
- Chlorophyll a
Photosystem II
45
absorbs 700nm wavelength red light
- chlorophyll b
Photosystem I
46
Uses light energy to produce ATP and NADPH
- ETC
47
Where do excited electron passes from chlorophyll
Primary electron acceptor of PS II
48
enzyme exctract electrons from ___ and supplies them to chlorophyll
H2O
49
What happens to oxygen atoms after being split from H2O
Oxygen atoms combineto form O2
50
Types of Phosphorylation
- Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
- Cyclic Photophosphorylation
51
- Happens in PS II and I
- Light reactions elevate electron in 2 steps
Noncyclic phosphorylation
52
The 2 steps in nonclyclic photophosphorylation
- PS II- generates energy as ATP
- PS I - generates reducing power as NADPH
53
Occurs only in Photosystem I
Cyclic Photophosphorylation
54
- Happens in the Stroma
- does not need light
Calvin cycle
55
product needed by calvin cycle to drive synthesis reactions
Products from Light reaction, ATP and NADPH
56
Stages of calvin cycle
1. Carbon fixation
2. reduction
3. Regeneration of RuBP
57
Final product of calvin cycle
Glucose
58
How many terms of calvin cycle for 1 glucose?
6 turns
59
end product of Calvin cycle
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
60
Important intermediate
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
61
- Enzyme which fixes carbon from air
- the most important enzyme in the world!
Rubisco
62
RUBISCO full name
Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase
63
3 turns of calvin cycle =?
1 G3P
64
3 CO2 ->?
1 G3P (3C)
65
What happened to the left over ATP from light reactions
used elsewhere by the cell
66
for transporting water
Xylem
67
for sugar and nutrients
Phloem
68
structure that control water from leaves
Stroma
69
What happens when stoma opens?
Gains H2O
70
What happens when stoma closes
Lose H2O
71
- pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion
- regulates the opening and closure of stomatal pores
Guard Cells
72
Closed stomates leads to
O2 buils up -> from light reactions
CO2 -> in calvin cycle
73
Can drive or hinder photosynthesis
RUBISCO
74
2 main types of reactions catalyzed by RUBISCO
- Carbon fixation (Carboxylase)
- Photorespiration (Oxygenase)
75
- Bonds Carbon to RuBP
- Building sugar
Carbon Fixation enzyme
76
- Rubisco bonds O to RuBP
- Oxidation or RuBP
- breadown of sugar
Photorespiration
77
consumes resources without producing sugars.
Photorespiration
78
optimal functioning of Rubisco under ideal conditions when CO₂ is available. Successful sugar production and energy storage.
Photosynthesis
79
Types of reducing photorespiration
- C4 Photosynthesis
- CAM photosynthesis
80
physically separate carbon fixation from actual Calvin cycle
- uses different enzyme to capture CO2
C4 photosynthesis
81
Different enzyme that captures CO2 in C4
PEP carboxylase
82
-Separated by time of day
-Carbon fixation during night
CAM photosynthesis
83
CAM stands for?
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
84
Example of plants that employ C4 photosynthesis
Sugar cane
Corn
other grasses
85
higher affinity for CO2 than O2
- regenerates CO2 in inner cells for Rubisco
PEP carboxylase enzyme
86
Separate reactions in different cells
- Light reactions
- Carbon fixation
- Calvin cycle
87
What happens on outer cells of C4 photosynthesis
- Light reaction & carbon fixation
- Pumps CO2 to inner cells
- Keeps O2 away from inner cells
88
What happens on inner cells of C4 photosynthesis
Calvin cycle, glucose veins
89
CAM during night
- Open stomates & fix carbon in storage compounds
90
CAM during day
- close stomates
- release CO2 from storage to calvin cycle
91
separate 2 steps of C fixation anatomically
in 2 different cells
C4 plants
92
separate 2 steps of C fixation temporally at 2 different times
CAM Plants
93
Why the C3 problem?
- possible evolutionary baggage
