Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Basic functions of nervous system
A
- Sensation
- Integration
- Reaction
2
Q
Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body
A
Sensation
3
Q
The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response
A
Integration
4
Q
The motor ouput of the nervous system
A
Reaction
5
Q
Changes are known as
A
Stimuli
6
Q
cells that monitor changes
A
receptors
7
Q
The activation of muscles or glands
A
Motor output
8
Q
Similarities of Nervous and Endocrine system
A
Both monitor stimuli and react as to maintain homeostasis
9
Q
Differences between NS and ES
A
- NS is rapid, and fast acting
- ES is slower and action are longer lasting
10
Q
are blood-borne chemical signals
A
Hormones
11
Q
2 Big initial divisions of NS
A
- Peripheral NS
- Central NS
12
Q
The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord
A
Peripheral NS
13
Q
- The brain + the spinal cord
- The center of integration and control
A
Central NS
14
Q
3 kinds of neurons that connect CNS to the body
A
– sensory
– motor
– interneurons
15
Q
CNS to muscles and organs
A
Motor neurons
16
Q
sensory receptors to CNS
A
Sensory neurons
17
Q
Connections Within CNS
A
Interneurons
18
Q
Divisions of Peripheral NS
A
Sensory division
Motor division
19
Q
it is the Afferent division
A
Sensory division
20
Q
It is the Efferent division
A
Motor division
21
Q
–Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
–Informs the CNS of the state of the body (interior and exterior)
A
Afferent division
22
Q
–Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles/glands)
–Motor nerve fibers
A
Efferent division
23
Q
Divisions of Sensory division
A
Somatic sensory
Visceral Sensory
24
Q
Divisions of Motor Division
A
Somatic (Skeletal) NS
Autonomic NS
25
- VOLUNTARY (generally)
- Somatic nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Somatic (or skeletal) NS
26
* INVOLUNTARY (generally)
* Conducts impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Autonomic NS
27
Divisions of Autonomic NS
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS
28
The Autonomic NS division for “Fight or Flight”
Sympathetic NS
29
The autonomic division for "rest and digest"
Parasympathetic NS
30
Involuntary movment that controlled by Automic NS
– heartbeat
– blood pressure
– respiration
– perspiration
– Digestion
31
2 cell types of Nervous tissue
1. Neurons
2. Neuroglia
32
Functional, signal conducting cells
Neurons
33
Supporting cells
Neuroglia
34
Receive stimuli and
transmit action potentials
Neurons or nerve cells
35
organization of Neurons
Cell body (Soma)
Dendrites: Input
Axons: Output
36
4 types of Neuroglia found in CNS
1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Ependymal cells
4. Microglia
37
* Star-shaped, abundant, and versatile
* Guide the migration of developing neurons
* Involved in the formation of the blood brain barrier
* Function in nutrient transfer
Astrocytes
38
Produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
39
- Line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal
- Help form choroid plexuses that secrete CSF
Ependymal cells
40
Specialized macrophages
Microglia
41
2 types of Glial in PNS
1. Satellite cells
2. Schwann cells
42
- Surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
- Unknown function
Satellite cells
43
* Form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS.
* Vital to neuronal regeneration
Schwann cells
44
When a cell is exposed to chemical signal for a prolonged period, it tends to lose ability to respond with its original intensity
Drug addiction
45
What does drug addiction do to receptor proteins?
They are exposed to high levels for neurotransmitter molecules for high periods of time
46
How does nerve cell response to prolonged period exposure of receptor proteins from neurotransmitters?
They respond by inserting fewer receptor proteins into the membrane
47
Neuromodulator that causes large amounts of neurotransmitters to remain in synapses for long periods of time
Cocaine
48
- is made of the brain and the spinal cord
- controls everything in the body.
The Central Nervous System
49
WHat does Spinal cord and brain consists of?
a. White matter
b. Grey matter
50
bundles of axons each coated with a sheath of myelin
White matter
51
masses of the cell bodies and dendrites each covered with synapses.
Gray matter
52
Location of each matter in Spinal cord
- White matter at the surface
- Gray matter inside
53
- conducts sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain
- Conducts motor information
Spinal cord
54
actions that result from a nerve impulse passing over a reflex arc
- predictable response to a stimulus
Reflex actions
55
Examples of reflexes
1. Knee jerk reflex
2. Ankle jerk reflex- Archilles reflex
3. Babinski reflex
4. Plantar reflex
5. Corneal reflex
6. Abdominal reflex
56
extension of lower leg in response to tapping the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer
Knee jerk reflex
57
Knee jerk reflex are lost in some patients with...
Poliomyelitis and other diseases
58
extension of foot in response to tapping the Achilles tendon
Ankle jerk reflex-Achilles reflex
59
extension of great toe in response to stimulation of outer margin of sole of foot
Babinski reflex
60
plantar flexion of all toes and a slight turning in and flexion of anterior part of foot in response to stimulation of outer edge of sole
Plantar reflex
61
winking in response to touching cornea
Corneal reflex
62
drawing in of abdominal wall in response to stroking the side of the abdomen
Abdominal reflex
63
An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make
Brain
64
By definition, it is three layers of tissue that protect and support the brain and spinal cord
The Meninges
65
The three layers of tissue that creats the meninges
Dura matter
Arachnoid
Pia Mater
66
pressed against the bony surface of the interior of the vertebrae and the cranium
Dura mater
67
The fluid that fills the region between archnoid and pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
68
Located between dura mater and pia mater
Arachnoid
69
the innermost layer of meninges, thin and delicate.
Pia mater
70
- Produced in the lateral ventricles
– Absorbed by the arachnoid villi
CSF
71
are specialized “absorbing” filters
Archnoid villi
72
Parts that support the brain
- Bone
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid
73
– Face Attachment
– Holds CSF and Supports Meninges
Bone
74
– Main brain support
– Suspends, Compartmentalizes, and Coats
Meninges
75
– In a bony container, allows dissipation of sudden shocks (forces)
Cerebrospinal fluid
76
Three regions of brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
77
Parts of brainstem
- Medulla oblongata
- Midbrain
- Pons
78
the part of the brain that connects the brainstem to the spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
79
Functions of medulla oblongata
1. Performs sensory, motor, reflex actions
2. Contain, cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory centers (vital centers)
3. Also contain centers for non-vital reflexes-vomitting, coughing, sneezing, hicuppping, swallowing
80
Nerve impulses arising here rhythmically stimulate the intercostal muscles and diaphragm. Making...
Breatjing possible
81
The receptors of neurons that control breathing
Where opiates (like heroin) bind
Mu receptors
82
- smallest region of the brain that acts as a sort of relay station for auditory and visual information
Midbrain
83
are involved in the control of body movement
Red nucleus and Substantia nigra
84
It is associated with parkinson's disease
Degeneration of neurons in Substantia nigra
85
- from Latin word meaning “bridge”
- contains the sleep paralysis center of the brain and also plays a role in generating dreams
Pons
86
Functions of Pons
- Pneumotaxic centers which aid in respiration
- Primarily deal with sleep, swallowing, bladder control, hearing etc
87
serve as a relay station carrying signals from various parts of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.
Pons
88
*Represents 10% of the weight of the brain, but contains as many neurons as all the rest of the brain combined
Cerebellum
89
a center for motor skills, posture and maintaining equilibrium
Cerebellum
90
People with damage to their cerebellum are
- able to contract their muscles, but their motions are jerky and uncoordinated.
91
Parts of Diencephalon (interbrain)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
92
chief sensory integrating center
-expressions of emotions
Thalamus
93
All sensory input passes through thalamus exept?
Olfaction
94
regulator/coordinator of autonomic activities
Hypothalamus
95
Receives vasopressin and oxytocin from the hypothalamus and releases them into the blood.
Posterior lobe of the pituitary
96
What does damage to hypothalamus cause?
Homeostatis of body temp, blood chemistry etc, goes out of control
97
The human forebrain
Prosencephalon
98
The human forebrain (prosencephalon) is made up of a pair of large
Cerebral hemisphere
99
Functions of cerebral hemisphere
1. Sensory functions
2. Motor function
3. Integrative function
100
Types of sensory functions by cerebral hemisphere
a. Somatic senses
b. Special senses
101
Sensory areas of cebral hemisphere
- Primary somatosensory cortex
- Somatosensory association areas
- Visual areas
- Auditory areas
- Olfactory cortex*
- Gustatory cortex
102
movement of limb muscles
Motor functions
103
Types of motor functions
a. Primar motor cotex
b. premotor cortex
c. Broca's area
d. Frontal eye field
104
a brain region that's critical for voluntary movement
Primary motor cortex
105
controls learned motor skills of a repetitive and patterned nature
Premotor cortex
106
- present usually in left hemisphere only
- directs muscles involved in articulation
Broca's area
107
controls voluntary movement of the eye
Frontal eye field
108
Integrative function of brain hemisphere
a. Consciousness
b. Language
c. Emotions
d. memory
109
communicate with primary sensory areas and with motor cortex to analyze, recognize and act on sensory inputs
Association areas
110
anterior portion of - frontal lobes; most complicated region
- involved with intellect, cognition and personality
Pre-frontal area
111
What does PFA control?
- abstract ideas, judgment, reason, persistence, planning, concern for others and conscience
112
When did PF lobotomy happened?
cure during 1930s-1950s
113
what does Lobotomy do to pre-fontal?
severs connections to PFC
114
what happens when there is a Tumors in PFC-mental/personality disorders?
- wide mood swings
- loss of attentiveness
- inhibitions
- person oblivious to social restraints and careless about personal appearance
115
gnostic or ‘knowing’
General interpretation area
116
where is General interpretation area located?
Usually in left hemisphere
117
what does gnostic do?
- helps understand the situtation and decides on appropriate response
118
how does gnostic function?
- receives inputs from sensory association areas--- integrates all incoming signals into one though or understanding
119
what happens when there is a injury in gnostic area?
one becomes an imbeclie (one's ability to interpret situation is lost)
120
occur in both hemispheres
includes Wenicke's area
Language areas
121
involved in sounding out unfamiliar words
Wernicke's area
122
involved in non-verbal, emotional components of language ( tone/lilting of voice)
Affective language areas
123
individual tells you (honestly) he is happy to see you with a flat voice and stony facial expression
Aprosodia
124
- ‘split-brain concept’
- ‘division of labor’
- Each hemisphere has unique abilities not shared by the other
LATERALIZATION OF CORTICAL FUNCTIONING
125
*Cerebral dominance for Left
dominant for language, math, logic
126
*Cerebral dominance for Right
- Visual/spatial skills
- intuition
- emotion
- appreciation of art and music
127
are generally left-handed and more often male
right dominant people
128
____ of individuals with left-cerebral dominance are ______
90%
right-handed
129
___roles of hemispheres are reversed or they share functions___
10%
equally
130
Results of cerebral confusion and learning disabilities
- Ambidexterity
- Dyslexia
131
mutuality of brain control
Ambidexterity
132
-due to lack of cerebral dominance
- people reverse order of letters or syllables in words or words in sentences
Dyslexia
133
Disorders of the CNS
1. Hydrocephalus
2. Epilepsy
3. Multiple sclerosis
4. Alzheimer's disease
5. Adrenoleukodystrophy
6. CVA (cerebrovascular accident)
7. Celebral Palsy
134
obstruction in drainage of csf cure- shunt(tube) to drain excess fluid
Hydrocephalus
135
- characterized by seizures
- sudden abnormal bursts of neuron activity that result in temporary changes in brain function
Epilepsy
136
Epilepsy is controlled by _____ which block neurotransmitters in affected areas of brain
anticonvulsive drugs
137
what does epilepsy do to jaw muscles?
Causes strong contractions
138
nervous tissue is replaced by connective tissue which results in hardened patches everywhere
Multiple sclerosis
139
degenerative disease; plaque formation in synaptic vesicles
Alzheimer's Disease
140
How is Alzheimer's disease characterized?
- By extreme forgetfulness
- Mood swings
- Dementia
- Fatal
- Hereditary
141
- corrosion of myelin sheath; sex-linked
- sensory-neural disorder;irreparable damage
Adrenoleukodystrophy
142
What kind of inheritance is Adrenoleukodystrophy
X-linked diease (Affects male)
143
- results in destruction of neurons of the motor area of cerebrum due to hemorrhage or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels
Cerebrovascular accident
144
- permanent damage to motor areas of brain which remains throughout life
Cerebral pasly
145
Possible causes of cerebral palsy
- Mechanical trauma
- Nerve-damaging poisons
- prenatal infections of mother
- reduced oxygen supply to brain due to difficult delivery
