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BIO108 - Gen. Physiology > Lec 3 - Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

Lec 3 - Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Regulatory Mechanism

A
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
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2
Q

conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

Specialized cell in nervous system

A

Neurons

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4
Q

secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses

A

Endocrine system

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5
Q

are chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

A

(Animal) Hormones

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6
Q

Hormones which regulated insect metamorphosis

A
  • Steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone
  • Lipid juvenile hormone
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7
Q

Two types of glands

A
  • Exocrine Glands
  • Endrocrine Glands
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8
Q

secrete chemicals into ducts and the effect is where the duct empties

A
  • Exocrine glands
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9
Q

secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors

A

Endocrine Glands

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10
Q

Conclusion of Arnold Adolph Berthold’s study

A

Hormones in testes is responsible for crown phenotype

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11
Q

Regulates developments in humans

A

Signaling Pathways

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12
Q

Activates the signaling pathways

A

Specific chemical signaling molecules

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13
Q

Only target cells respond to the signal, because it bears receptors for the hormone

A

Target Cell concept

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14
Q

3 types of intercellular communication

A
  1. Endocrine signaling
  2. Paracrine signaling
  3. Direct signaling
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15
Q
  • secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream
  • Trigger response in target cells anywhere in the body
A

Endocrine signaling

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16
Q

special type of endocrine signaling

A

Nueroendocrine signaling

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17
Q

neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses

A

Neuroendocrine signaling

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18
Q

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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19
Q

Special types of paracrine signaling

A
  1. Autocrine signaling
  2. Synaptic signaling
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20
Q

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine signaling

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21
Q

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissue

A

Synaptic/neuronal signaling

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22
Q

for some signals to be received, the cells must be in direct contact.

A

Direct Signaling

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23
Q

signaling that is relative slow

A

Endocrine signaling

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24
Q

signaling that has quick response

A

Paracrine signaling

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25
Types of secreted signaling molecules
- Local regulators - Neutrotransmitters - Neurohormones - Phermones - Hormones
26
chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion
Local regulators
27
What does local regulators regulaate
- help regulate blood pressure - nervous system function - Reproduction
28
2 types of local regulators
1. paracrine 2. autocrine
29
signals act on cells near the secreting cell
Paracrine
30
signals act on the secreting cell itself
Autocrine
31
proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation
Growth Factors
32
play a role in immune responses
Cytokines
33
acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons
Nitric oxide (NO)
34
what does nitric oxide do to bacteria and cancer cells
- Kills them when secreted by WBCS
35
Effects of nitric oxide to blood vessels
- Dilates the wall of blood vessesl when secreted by endothelial cells
36
modified fatty acids, secreted by placenta to stimulate uterine contractions
Protaglandins (PGs)
37
secreted by neurons at many synapses
Neurotransmitters
38
Roles of neurotransmitters
- sensation - memory - cognition - movement
39
muscle contraction
Acetylcholine
40
- secreted by neurosecretory cells - diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream
Neurohormones
41
increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction
ADH (vasopressin)
42
chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species
Pheromones
43
chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants
Hormones
44
Importance of pheromones
- Defining territories - warning to predators - Attracting potential mates
45
Importance of hormones
- regulates metabolism - regulates growth and development
46
A hormone can also have different effects in different species
Multiple effects of hormones
47
The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have;
- Different receptors for hormones - Different transduction pathways - Different proteins for carrying out the response
48
Epinephrine effects to liver vs skeletal muscle blood vessel with the same α-receptor
- Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released - Vessel dilates
49
Epinephrine effects to β- receptor
vessel constricts
50
Three major classes of molecule functions as hormones in vertebrate
- Polypeptides - Amines derived from amino acids - Steroid hormones
51
Classes of hormones
- steroids, polypeptides, amines
52
Water soluble
polypeptides and amines
53
Lipid-solube
- steroid hormones - other largely non-polar hormone
54
are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors
Water-soluble hormones
55
- diffuse across cell membranes, -travel in the bloodstream - bound to transport proteins - diffuse through the membrane of target cells
Lipid-solube hormones
56
Epinephrine effects in the body
mediating the body's response to short-term stress
57
epinephrine binding sit
- receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells
58
epinephrine triggers
release of messenger molecules, release of glucose in the bloodstream
59
Key events for signaling hormones
1. Reception 2. Signal transduction 3. Amplification 4. Response
60
detection of a signal in the environment
Reception
61
activating a series of proteins inside the cell
Signal transduction
62
change in behavior that occurs inside the cell
Response
63
involves the hormone-secreting tissues and organs of the body
Endocrine system
64
chemical messengers
Hormones
65
referes to the duration of time required to decrease the concentration of a circulating hormone by half
Half life of a hormone
66
two factors influencing hormone concentration in blood
1. Rate of hormone secreted into the blood 2. Rate of the removal of the hormone from the blood

BIO108 - Gen. Physiology (20 decks)

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