lec 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Area-hypothesis (_________): _________
Considerable evidence supports this at _________
Such as the ___________ which is the______

A
  • species area effect
  • Larger areas have more species because they can support larger populations and a greater range of habitats
  • regional scales
  • equatorial region
  • largest climatically similar region in world
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2
Q

tundra biome is the ________

but has _________

A
  • second largest terrestrial region

- low species richness

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3
Q

That open ocean has

but has

A
  • the largest area of any marine system, and the largest volume of any habitat
  • fewer species than tropical surface waters
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4
Q

productivity hypothesis: _________
An increase in plant biomass _________
Evidence for this hypothesis is

A
  • greater production of plants results in greater overall species richness
  • support more herbivores and hence more predators, parasites and scavenger species
  • Bird and mammal species richness increases with productivity in N.A.
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5
Q

metabolic theory

accumulating theoretical and empirical studies suggest that the single most important factor

A
  • ecological and evolutionary rates are temperature dependent
  • kinetics
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6
Q

Succession

A

temporal change in community structure at a given location

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7
Q

Steps in abandoning cropland going through succession

____________ colonize followed by _______
over time _________ are replaced by _______
eventually forming a _________
_____ begin to occupy the ________
Eventually _____________ dominate the landscape

A
  • grasses and weedy herbaceous plants colonize
  • shrubs
  • shrubs are
  • conopy forest
  • hardwood trees
  • the understory
  • deciduous hardwoods
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8
Q

Each of the stages in succession is called a _______
a point on the ______________
These stages can often be recognized as _______
with ____________

Stages can be ________ and may last ______

A
  • seral stage
  • continuum of vegetation through time
  • distinct communities
  • characteristic structure and species composition
  • missed
  • years or decades
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9
Q

Succession

A

begins with a disturbance

- seen in both terrestrial and aquatic environments

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10
Q

Succession begin with _________
A force that __________
It may be
They all exhibit

A
  • a disturbance
  • alters a biological community and remoes or destroys organisms
  • storms, fires, floods, drought or human caused
  • different frequencies and intensities
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11
Q

Succession is seen in both

A

terrestrial and aquatic environments

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12
Q

pioneer species

A

early successional species

who are the initial colonists

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13
Q

pioneer species often have

A
  • high growth rates
  • smaller size
  • a high degree of dispersal and colonization
  • high rates of per captia population growth
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14
Q

Climax species

A

late successional species which arrive later

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15
Q

climax species often have

A
  • longer lifespans
  • a larger size
  • lower rates of dispersal and colonization
  • lower rates of per capita population growth
  • the patterns of species replacement through time are not random
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16
Q

Succession types

A

primary succession and secondary succession

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17
Q

primary succession occurs at _______

This type of succession occurs in a

A
  • a location that was not previously occupied by a community; a newly exposed surface,
  • baron lifeless environment
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18
Q

secondary succession occurs at

this type of succession can build

A

a location that was previously occupied by a community and then underwent a disturbance that removed all or part of the existing community
- on the remainder of the previous community

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19
Q

sand dune

A

an inhospitable site that can undergo primary succession

20
Q

sand is __________

unlike soil ________ it has

A
  • a product of weathered rock deposited by wind and water

- minimal nutrients and ability to retain water

21
Q

successional stages of sand dunes
__________ stabilize the dune with _________
Then _________ colonize
Subsequently ______ invade: first ________, then _____
Trees that ________________ rarely succeed the pines and oaks except in __________

During succession _________ can _____ making it more _____________

A
  • pioneering species such as grasses
  • extensize rhizomes
  • mat forming shrubs
  • trees
  • pine(conifers)
  • oak (hardwoods)
  • more moisture
  • depressions or other areas where moisture accumulates
  • colonizing species
  • change the environment
  • hospitable for other species
22
Q

fire is ___________ in many ecosystems

Some __________ require fire for ________

A
  • a key and natural disturbance causing secondary succession
  • coniferous trees
  • reproduction
23
Q

reasons to let the forests burn: ___________

Fire suppression in forests permits __________ which is very susceptible to

A
  • major forest fires can be avoided by having frequent small fires
  • the build up of dead wood
  • burning, especially during lighting strikes during summer
24
Q

many national parks conducted

A

controlled burns to maintain natural disturbance and succession and to prevent large and intense forest fires

25
equatorial region
largest climatically similar region in world
26
tundra
second largest terrestrial region, low species richness
27
open ocena
largest area of any marine system - largest voluem of any habitat - fewer species than tropical surface waters
28
productivity hypothesis
greater production of plants results in greater overall species richness
29
an increase in plant biomass
support more herbivores and hence more predators, parasites and scavenger species
30
metabolic theory
accumulating theoretical and empirical studies suggest that ht esingle most important factor is kinetics
31
Succession
temporal change in community structure at a given location
32
Steps in abandoning cropland going through succession
grasses and weedy herbaceous plants colonize, followed by shrubs - over time shrubs are replaced by pine trees, eventually forming a conopy forest - hardwood trees bein to occupy the understory - eventually deciduous hardwoods dominatt he landscape
33
seral stage
a point on the continuum of vegetation through time | - can be recognized as distinct communites with characteristic structure and species composition
34
succession
begins with a disturbance | - seen in both terrestrial and aquatic environments
35
disturbance
a force that alters a biological community and remoes or destorys organisms - may be storms, fires, floods, drought or human caused - exhibit different frequencies and intensities
36
Succession types
primary succession and secondary succession
37
primary succession
occurs at a location that was not previously occupied by a community; a newly exposed surface, occurs in a baron lifeless environment
38
sand dune
is an inhospitable site that can undergo primary succession
39
many national parks conducted
controlled burns to maintain natural disturbance and succession and to prevent large and intense forest fires
40
ecosystem engineer
another type of keystone species that creates, modifies and maintains habitats
41
biological diversity
the variety or number of organisms that make up the community
42
species richness
total number of species in a community
43
species diversity
the number of species in a community relative to the number of individuals
44
Time hypothesis
Communites diversity or gain species with time
45
By the time hypothesis, Temperate regions have less diversity because _______ and have only recently ___________ Species have not ______________ in temperate regions
- they are younger - recovered from glaciation - time to evolve and exploit regions
46
One would expect marine organisms to be able to rapidly _______________ after glaciation But the richness of marine organisms follows the same ________
- recolonize the temperate and polar regions | - polar-equatorial species gradient