Lecture 1/01.13.25

Question 1

What are macromolecules?

Answer 1

Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of smaller organic molecule subunits

Question 2

What is are the four classes of macromolecules?

Answer 2

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 3

What are biopolymers?

Answer 3

Polymers made up multiple subunits and usually joined together.

Question 4

Of the four macromolecules, which are biopolymers?

Answer 4

proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Question 5

What is a monomer?

Answer 5

A single subunit of a molecule that joins with other monomers to form polymers

Question 6

Of the four macromolecules, which one is NOT a biopolymer?

Answer 6

lipids

Question 7

What is homopolymer?

Answer 7

A polymer that is made up of the same molecules or monomers.

Question 8

What is an example of a homopolymer?

Answer 8

Cellulose. This is because it is made of a simple sugar known as saccharides which are repeating units that turn into polysaccharides.

Question 9

What is a heteropolymer?

Answer 9

A polymer that is made from different kinds of monomer units

Question 10

What is an example of a heteropolymer?

Answer 10

Nucleic acids because they are made up of 4 different nucleotides and proteins because they have a combination of 20 different amino acids

Question 11

What is a polynucleotide?

Answer 11

The name given to nucleic acids because they are composed of 4 different nucleotides

Question 12

What are nucleotides useful for?

Answer 12

Important for storage, transmission and expression of genetic information.

Question 13

What are bonding or the linking of proteins called?

Answer 13

Polypeptides which are what joins amino acids together

Question 14

What is true about proteins and DNA?

Answer 14

Proteins are much smaller by 10,000 to 1 million daltons

Question 15

What is the function of proteins?

Answer 15

Can be structural, transport agents, transmit information, or catalyze reactions (enzymes).

Question 16

What are lipids?

Answer 16

A macromolecule that is not a polymer and have rich hydrocarbon structure that allow them for low solubility in aqueous environments and are non polar

Question 17

What are example of lipids?

Answer 17

Triacylglycerols, phospholipids, cholesterol, and oil

Question 18

What is the function of triacylglycerols?

Answer 18

Lipids that stores energy in their carbon chains and represent the primary energy storehouse for fat

Question 19

What are phospholipids and what is their function?

Answer 19

They are lipids and fatty acid chains containing phosphorus and serves for membrane structure

Question 20

What is cholesterol and what is their function?

Answer 20

A lipid that is a steroid precursor and vital for membrane structure.

Question 21

What does it mean for a molecule to be amphipathic?

Answer 21

It means to contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

Question 22

What are the three major classes of organisms?

Answer 22

archaea, eucarya, and prokarya(eubacteria)

Question 23

Of the three, which are MULTICELLULAR and UNICELLULAR?

Answer 23

Eukaryotes

Question 24

Of the three, which are UNICELLULAR?

Answer 24

prokaryotes and archaea

Question 25

What are prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea differentiated by?

Answer 25

DNA, nucleotide sequence, and rRNA sequence.

Question 26

What are some features exclusive to prokaryotes?

Answer 26

Cytosol, pili(maybe), flagella, nucleoids, and capsule.

Question 27

What do prokaryotes lack?

Answer 27

membrane bound organelles

Question 28

What characteristics are exclusive to eukaryotes?

Answer 28

organelles that perform special functions, mitochondria(AP), endoplasmic reticulum(AP), golgi complex(AP), nucleus(A), chromosomes(AP), nucleolus(AP), nuclear envelope(AP), lysosomes(AP), chloroplasts(P), vacuole(P), plasma membrane(AP), and cell wall(P)

Question 29

What is the nucleus in a eukaryote?

Answer 29

contains genetic material (chromatin) and surrounded by nuclear envelope

Question 30

What is the endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryote?

Answer 30

folded membrane where much protein synthesis happens

Question 31

What is the golgi apparatus in a eukaryote?

Answer 31

function in secretion and transport of proteins

Question 32

What is the mitochondria in a eukaryote?

Answer 32

structure specialized for oxidative metabolism

Question 33

What are lysosomes in a eukaryote?

Answer 33

digestive site

Question 34

What are some organelles exclusive to plant cells?

Answer 34

vacuoles and chloroplasts

Question 35

What do chloroplasts do?

Answer 35

used for photosynthesis

Question 36

What do vacuoles do?

Answer 36

intracellular secretion, storage, excretion, and digestion

Question 37

What are some new fields that have arise from biochemistry?

Answer 37

Bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics

Question 38

What is bioinformatics?

Answer 38

Processes of mathematical analysis of DNA sequence, metabolic pathways simulation, and computer analysis of potential drug targets

Question 39

What is genomics?

Answer 39

The study of the entire genome of an organism and expression pattern of those genes

Question 40

What is proteomics?

Answer 40

The study of all proteins of an organism and how those proteins interact with eachother.

Question 41

Who discovered nucleic acids?

Answer 41

Friedrich Miescher and discovered that DNA was genetic code

Question 42

What are the top 4 elements used in biochemistry?

Answer 42

CHON

Question 43

What happens when a protein structure/sequence is changed?

Answer 43

It can cause a mutation and the function is altered

Question 44

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 44

Polymers of sugars joined together by monomers of sugars of saccharides and then polysaccharides

Question 45

What are polysaccharides used for?

Answer 45

Energy (starch) or structural (cellulose)