lecture 1

Question 1

what is true of charophytes?
a. they are ancestors of green algae
b. examples of vascular plants
c. closest living algal relatives of land plants
d. share common features of land plants like sporopollenin and alternation of generations
e. they show alternation of generations

Answer 1

c

Question 2

which taxon is essentially equivalent to the embryophytes
a. viridiplantae
b. plantae
c. pterophyta
d. bryophyta
e. charophycea

Answer 2

b

Question 3

liverworts, hornworts and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes, besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common

Answer 3

they require water for reproductiion. ALSO NOTE. they are not all wind pollinated, not all heterosporous, do not produce asexually

Question 4

what does the spore that sporangia produce, develop into? (seedless vascular plants)

Answer 4

bisexual photosynthetic gametophyte

Question 5

in seedless vascular plants, where does fertilization occur?

Answer 5

archegonia

Question 6

what are fronds

Answer 6

underside of a leaf

Question 7

what are the spots on the fronds

Answer 7

sori

Question 8

what is a sorus

Answer 8

cluster of sporangia

Question 9

what are the monilophytes

Answer 9

ferns, horsetails

Question 10

what is the role of xylem

Answer 10

conducting most of the water and minerals

Question 11

what are tracheids

Answer 11

dead tube shaped cells found in xylem

Question 12

what is the role of phloem

Answer 12

distributing sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Question 13

what are roots

Answer 13

organs that anchor vascular plants, enabling them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

Question 14

what are leaves

Answer 14

organs that increases surface area, capturing more sunlight (solar energy) for photosynthesis

Question 15

what are microphylls

Answer 15

leaves with a single vein

Question 16

what are megaphylls

Answer 16

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Question 17

what is the evolution hypothesis for micro and megaphylls

Answer 17

microphylls- might have evolved from stems
megaphylls- might have evolved as webbing between flattened branches

Question 18

what is the difference between normal leaves and sporophylls

Answer 18

sporophylls are modified with sporangia. clusters of sporangia (clusters are called sori) are found on the underside of the sporophylls

Question 19

what are strobili

Answer 19

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

Question 20

most seedless vascular plants are ____sporous

Answer 20

homosporous

Question 21

all seed plants, and some seedless vasculars are ____sporous

Answer 21

heterosporous

Question 22

in heterosporous plants, what do the megaspores give rise to?

Answer 22

female gametophytes

Question 23

in heterosporous plants, what do the microspores give rise to?

Answer 23

male gametophytes

Question 24

dominant life cycle of mosses and other non vascular plants?

Answer 24

gametophyte dominant

Question 25

first plants to grow tall?

Answer 25

ferns and other seedless vascular plants

Question 26

what are the 4 key traits land plants share with only charophytes

Answer 26

1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2. structure of flagellated sperm 3. formation of phragmoplast 4. comparisons of both nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genes point to charophytes as closest living relative of land plants

Question 27

challenges of plants moving to land

Answer 27

1. relative scarcity of water 2. lack of structural support against gravity

Question 28

benefits of plants moving to land

Answer 28

1. unfiltered bright sunlight 2. more plentiful CO2 3. nutrient rich soil 4. few herbivores or pathogens (at the time)

Question 29

what is the role of sporopollenin in charophytes

Answer 29

prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

Question 30

5 traits of plants but not charophytes

Answer 30

1. alternation of generations 2. multicellular, dependent embryos 3. walled spores produced in sporangia 4. multicellular gametangia 5. apical meristems

Question 31

the haploid gametophyte produces gametes ( can be either eggs or sperm) by _____

Answer 31

mitosis

Question 32

what ploidy are eggs and sperm

Answer 32

1N

Question 33

the zygote develops into diploid (2N) sporophyte by ____

Answer 33

mitosis

Question 34

sporophyte produces _N spores by _____

Answer 34

1N (haploid), meiosis

Question 34

diploid cells called sporocytes undergo _____ to generate haploid spores

Answer 34

meiosis

Question 35

spore walls contain ______ making them resistant to harsh environments

Answer 35

sporopollenin

Question 36

definition of herbaceous

Answer 36

nonwoody

Question 37

if plantae is expanded to include charophytes, the derived characteristics coul be..? (this is from practice test, but the wording of the answers was not in slides)

Answer 37

rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, and ability to synthesize sporopollenin