Lecture 1

Question 1

CNS vs PNS

Answer 1

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: sensory neurons, somatic motor division & visceral/autonomic motor division

Question 2

What did they discover?
- Golgi
- Ramon y Cajal
- Sherrington

Answer 2

Golgi: Reticular Theory - neurons form a single network

Ramon y Cajal: Neuron Doctrine - neurons communicate at point

Sherrington: identified synapses

Question 3

Neuron Structure
(also know impulse conduction)

Answer 3

INPUT > INTEGRATION > CONDUCTION > OUTPUT

(SEE 1.3)

Question 4

Astrocytes

Answer 4

Maintain chemical environment for signaling
Tripartite synapse
Might influence new connection
CNS

Question 5

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 5

Lay down myelin sheath
CNS

Question 6

Schwann Cells

Answer 6

Myelin sheath
PNS

Question 7

Microglia

Answer 7

Scavenger cells
Help with injury & pruning
Secrete cytokines
Immune system of the brain!!

Question 8

Radial glia

Answer 8

Stem cells of the brain
Create ALL others

Question 9

Neural circuit components (neurons, 3)

Answer 9

Afferent neurons: TOWARD CNS, bottom up

Efferent neurons: AWAY from CNS, top-down

Interneurons: Local circuit function

Question 10

Knee-jerk response

Answer 10

1) Tap knee
2) Sensory neuron excites motor neurons (a) & excites interneurons (b)

leg extension:
3a) Motor neuron fires AP > contraction
3b) Interneurons inhibits flexor motor neurons > motor neurons inhibited > relaxation

Question 11

Divergent vs convergent circuits

Answer 11

Divergent SPREADS info
Convergent INTEGRATES info

Question 12

Methods to study the brain (3)

Answer 12

• Electrophysiological recordings
  > extracellular: what fires when?
  > intracellular: what does MP look like?
• Calcium imaging
• Optogenetic:
  > based on activation of neuronal population
  > opsins convert light energy & activation channel proteins