Lecture 16

Question 1

Sleep summary diagram

Answer 1

(see 16.1)

Question 2

Brainstem/thalamus regulation

Answer 2

Brainstem sends input to thalamus to keep it tonically active
-> w/o intrinsic bursting state

Hypothalamus regulates brainstem:
-> lateral hypothalamus (OREXIN) {wakefulness (+)}
-> tuberomammillary nucleus (HISTAMINE) {wakefulness (+)}
-> ventrolateral preoptic neucleus (GABA) {(-) sleep}

Question 3

Parasomnias (5)

Answer 3

during stage 3&4
- Sleepwalking
- Sleeptalking
- Confusional arousals

• Night terrors
• REM behavior disorder
  -> impaired MN descending inhibition

Question 4

Cocktail party effect, dichotic listening task, saliency

Answer 4

We select what we attend to

For unattended info, only SALIENT comes through
-> novelty, emotional, motivational/goal linked, physical
-> determine what we attend to by activity

Subliminal –(+stimuli)→ preconscious –(+attention)→ conscious

Question 5

Endogenous vs exogenous attention (also known are over vs covert)

Answer 5

Exogenous: bottom up, random stimuli
-> uPL & dFL
-> inhibition of return after 400ms (been there…)

Endogenous: top down, voluntary

Question 6

Brain areas for attention & lesions (4)

Answer 6

Inferior parietal lobe: lesions → hemispatial neglect
-> able to see salient L Hemi stimili, R Hemi dominance

FEF: saccades to attention; lesions → difficulty initiation eye movement, directing attention, task switching, inhibiting irrelevant info

Super colliculi: lesions→ Sprague effect
-> L Hemi SC lesions can counteract hemineglect

Pulvinar nucleus of thalamus: connects SC to PL

Question 7

Effect of attention on perception (2 pts)

Answer 7

Sustained attention →↑ extrastriate activity

FEF microstimulation improves attention & ↑ V4 activity

Question 8

Balint syndrome

Answer 8

visual & spatial coordination deficits bilateral PL & OL damage
1. Optic ataxia: problems grasping/visual control
2. Oculomotor apraxia
3. Simultagnosia