Lecture 1

Question 1

a cell is a fundamental unit of –

Answer 1

living matter

Question 2

all living things are made up of –

Answer 2

cells

Question 3

what is the fundamental feature of a cell?

Answer 3

ability to reproduce successfully

Question 4

All cells contain the same three macromolecules – to carry out their fundamental properties of life

Answer 4

DNA, RNA, and protein

Question 5

macromolecules are

Answer 5

made up of monomers connected by covalent bonds (polymers)

Question 6

genetic info flows from

Answer 6

DNA –> RNA –> protein

Question 7

every time a cell divides, – occurs so that all cells should have the same DNA

Answer 7

DNA replication

Question 8

gene expression =

Answer 8

transcription + translation

Question 9

all cells store – in the same linear chemical code - the DNA

Answer 9

hereditary info

Question 10

Why is DNA more suitable than RNA to carry genetic info?

Answer 10

RNA has a hydroxyl group in the 2’ position of its ribose sugar which is very reactive

DNA does not have a hydroxyl group in the 2’ position of its deoxyribose and is therefore more stable

DNA also forms a stronger double helix (while RNA is single-stranded) and the hereditary info can be replicated by templated polymerization

Question 11

all cells replicated DNA by

Answer 11

templated polymerization

Question 12

– provides a way to make two molecules of genetic info exactly the same

Answer 12

double-stranded

Question 13

2 strands of a DNA double helix are pulled apart and each serves as a template fro the synthesis of a new -

Answer 13

complementary strand

Question 14

DNA is not synthesized as a free strand in isolation but on a – formed by a preexisting DNA strand

Answer 14

template

Question 15

during growth, eukaryotic cells continually progress through – stages of the cell cycle, generating new daughter cells

Answer 15

four

Question 16

resting cells

Answer 16

G0

Question 17

RNA and protein synthesis

Answer 17

G1/G2

Question 18

DNA replication

Answer 18

S

Question 19

Cell division

Answer 19

M

Question 20

T/F: cell division produces two daughter cells with identical hereditary material (DNA)

Answer 20

true

Question 21

All cells transcribe – of their hereditary information into the same intermediate form - RNA

Answer 21

portions

Question 22

template to make protein

Answer 22

RNA

Question 23

DNA is protected in the –

Answer 23

nucleus

Question 24

translation occurs in the –

Answer 24

cytoplasm

Question 25

RNA is the suitable template for proteins because

Answer 25

RNA transcripts are mass produced and disposable

Question 26

many different sets of RNA molecules can be made by -- different parts of a cell's DNA sequence

Answer 26

transcribing

Question 27

different types of cells can use the same info --

Answer 27

differently

Question 28

A nucleotide pairing between different region s of the -- RNA polymer chain causes the molecule to adopt a distinctive shape

Answer 28

same

Question 29

all cells use -- as catalysts

Answer 29

proteins

Question 30

like nucleic acid, proteins are long unbranched --

Answer 30

polymers

Question 31

A feedback loop that connects proteins and polynucleotides form the basis or -- of living organisms

Answer 31

autocatalytic, self-reproducing behavior

Question 32

info in the sequence of mRNA is read out in 3 nucleotides at a time =

Answer 32

codon

Question 33

codon specifies a single --

Answer 33

amino acid

Question 34

T/F: There are 64 possible codon all of which occur in nature

Answer 34

true

Question 35

there are only -- naturally occurring AA

Answer 35

20

Question 36

T/F: several codons correspond to the same AA

Answer 36

true

Question 37

tRNA is attached to a -- at one end and an anticodon at the other end that corresponds to a particular codon in mRNA

Answer 37

amnio acid

Question 38

ribosomes are a large multi molecular machine composed of

Answer 38

protein and rRNA

Question 39

segment of the DNA sequence corresponding to a single protein or a single catalytic, regulatory, or structural RNA molecule

Answer 39

gene

Question 40

in all cells, the -- are regulated

Answer 40

expression of individual genes

Question 41

stretches of -- are intersperse among coding DNA

Answer 41

regulatory DNA

Question 42

totality of genetic info in the complete DNA sequence

Answer 42

genome

Question 43

Why is glucose not the main source of energy?

Answer 43

1 glucose = a lot of ATP | burn glucose --> waste a lot of energy

Question 44

-- is the chemical currency of cells

Answer 44

ATP

Question 45

all cells are enclosed in a

Answer 45

plasma membrane

Question 46

membrane is formed by -- phospholipid molecules

Answer 46

amphiphilic

Question 47

in an aqueous environment, phospholipids spontaneously form a lipid bilayer because it's

Answer 47

thermodynamically favorable

Question 48

advantages of plasma membrane

Answer 48

protect cell, control what goes in and out (selectively permeable)

Question 49

phospholipids spontaneously aggregate in water to create a bilayer that forms --

Answer 49

closed vesicles

Question 50

hox genes were -- during evolution

Answer 50

conserved

Question 51

Drosophila eyeless and Human Pax6 are examples of

Answer 51

conserved genes